CVE-2025-13477

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-13477 is a critical vulnerability in Digital Operations Services Inc.'s WifiBurada product, affecting versions through 21052026. The flaw combines exposure of private personal information (CWE-200) with insufficiently protected credentials, enabling authentication bypass. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit this to access sensitive user data and bypass authentication mechanisms. The vendor was contacted but did not respond, leaving the product in an unpatched state. The EPSS score is 0.0%, indicating low exploitation likelihood currently, but the lack of a patch makes this a high-risk target for targeted attacks.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby ecosystems. It affects a proprietary embedded system (WifiBurada) used in digital operations services. No open-source package or supply chain component is involved.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
• Base Score: 7.1 (High)
• Attack Vector: Network (AV:N) – exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity: Low (AC:L) – no special conditions required.
• Privileges Required: None (PR:N) – no authentication needed.
• User Interaction: None (UI:N) – no user action required.
• Scope: Unchanged (S:U) – impact confined to the vulnerable component.
• Confidentiality Impact: High (C:H) – full disclosure of private personal information and credentials.
• Integrity Impact: None (I:N) – no data modification.
• Availability Impact: None (A:N) – no denial of service.

Threat Level: High. The combination of remote exploitability, no authentication, and exposure of sensitive credentials makes this a critical risk for any organization using WifiBurada.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability stems from two primary weaknesses:

1. Exposure of Private Personal Information (CWE-200): The WifiBurada system exposes sensitive user data (e.g., personal identifiers, session tokens) through unprotected endpoints or responses. This could be due to improper access controls on API endpoints or debug interfaces left enabled in production.

2. Insufficiently Protected Credentials (CWE-522): Credentials (e.g., admin passwords, API keys) are stored or transmitted without adequate protection, such as weak encryption, hardcoded values, or plaintext storage. This allows an attacker to extract them and bypass authentication.

Attack Flow:

• An attacker scans for WifiBurada instances (e.g., via Shodan dorks like "WifiBurada").
• They probe exposed endpoints (e.g., /api/config, /debug, /status) to retrieve configuration files containing credentials.
• Using the extracted credentials, they authenticate as an admin or privileged user, gaining full access to the system.

The vulnerability is present in all versions through 21052026, and no patch exists.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Since no patch is available, a direct code comparison is not possible. However, based on the CWE descriptions, the vulnerable code likely resembles:

Vulnerable (Exposure of Credentials):

# Vulnerable: Exposes credentials in plaintext via debug endpoint
@app.route('/debug/config')
def debug_config():
    return jsonify({
        'admin_password': 'plaintext_password',
        'api_key': 'hardcoded_key'
    })

Patched (Hypothetical):

# Patched: Remove debug endpoint or require authentication
@app.route('/debug/config')
@login_required
def debug_config():
    return jsonify({
        'admin_password': mask_password(get_admin_password()),
        'api_key': mask_key(get_api_key())
    })

Vulnerable (Insufficiently Protected Credentials):

// Vulnerable: Hardcoded credentials in client-side code
const config = {
    username: 'admin',
    password: 'password123'
};

Patched (Hypothetical):

// Patched: Use environment variables and secure storage
const config = {
    username: process.env.ADMIN_USER,
    password: process.env.ADMIN_PASS
};

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Exploitation)

Prerequisites:

• A target WifiBurada instance (version through 21052026).
• Network access to the device (e.g., port 80/443 or custom ports).

Exploitation Steps:

1. Reconnaissance: Use Shodan or masscan to find WifiBurada devices.

   shodan search "WifiBurada" --fields ip_str,port
   

2. Enumerate Endpoints: Probe for common debug/config endpoints.

   curl -s http://<target>/debug/config
   curl -s http://<target>/api/v1/admin/credentials
   

3. Extract Credentials: If the endpoint returns credentials, capture them.

   {
     "admin_user": "admin",
     "admin_pass": "secret123"
   }
   

4. Bypass Authentication: Use the extracted credentials to access admin interfaces.

   curl -u admin:secret123 http://<target>/admin
   

No public exploit code is available.

Blue Team (Defense & Detection)

Detection:

• Monitor for unusual access to /debug, /config, or /api endpoints.
• Alert on repeated failed authentication attempts followed by successful login with extracted credentials.

Honeypot Setup:

• Deploy a fake WifiBurada instance with exposed debug endpoints to capture attacker behavior.

Mitigation:

• Isolate WifiBurada devices on a separate VLAN with strict firewall rules.
• Disable all debug endpoints in production.
• Implement network segmentation to limit exposure.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• Outbound connections from WifiBurada to unknown IPs on ports 80/443.
• HTTP requests to /debug/config, /api/v1/admin/credentials, or similar paths.

File IOCs:

• Configuration files containing plaintext credentials (e.g., config.json, settings.ini).
• Logs showing successful authentication from unknown IPs after credential extraction.

Behavioral IOCs:

• Unusual admin account activity (e.g., configuration changes, user creation).
• Multiple failed login attempts followed by a successful login from the same IP.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_13477_WifiBurada_Credential_Exposure {
    meta:
        description = "Detects exposed credentials in WifiBurada configuration files"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        cve = "CVE-2025-13477"
    strings:
        $s1 = "admin_password" ascii wide nocase
        $s2 = "api_key" ascii wide nocase
        $s3 = "plaintext" ascii wide nocase
        $s4 = "hardcoded" ascii wide nocase
    condition:
        any of ($s*) and filesize < 1MB
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-13477 WifiBurada Credential Exposure
id: 8a9b3c4d-5e6f-7a8b-9c0d-1e2f3a4b5c6d
status: experimental
description: Detects access to WifiBurada debug endpoints that may expose credentials
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'GET'
        cs-uri-stem:
            - '/debug/config'
            - '/api/v1/admin/credentials'
            - '/status'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate debugging activities
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (msg:"CVE-2025-13477 WifiBurada Credential Exposure Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"GET"; http_method; content:"/debug/config"; http_uri; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate Devices: Place all WifiBurada devices on a separate VLAN with strict ACLs.
2. Disable Debug Endpoints: If possible, disable any debug or configuration endpoints in the device firmware.
3. Change Default Credentials: Immediately change all default passwords and API keys.
4. Monitor Logs: Enable logging and monitor for suspicious access patterns.

Long-Term Fix:

• Since the vendor is unresponsive, consider replacing WifiBurada with a supported alternative.
• If replacement is not possible, implement a WAF (Web Application Firewall) to block access to sensitive endpoints.
• Conduct a full security audit of the device firmware.

No official patch is available.

Valters IT