CVE-2025-35031

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-35031 is a low-severity information disclosure vulnerability in Medical Informatics Engineering (MIE) Enterprise Health. The application inadvertently includes the user's current session token in debug output. An attacker can socially engineer a user into sending this debug output, thereby capturing the session token and impersonating the victim. The vendor has issued a fix as of 2025-04-08, but no specific version numbers or patch details are publicly available.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to an open-source package (NPM, PyPI, Go, Ruby). It affects a proprietary healthcare application (Enterprise Health) from Medical Informatics Engineering. No supply chain implications are identified.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Score: 3.3 (Low)
• Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
• Attack Vector (AV): Network – the attacker can trigger the debug output remotely.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low – no special conditions required.
• Privileges Required (PR): None – no authentication needed to trigger.
• User Interaction (UI): Required – the victim must send the debug output to the attacker.
• Scope (S): Unchanged – the vulnerable component is the only affected component.
• Confidentiality (C): Low – session token disclosure.
• Integrity (I): None – no data modification.
• Availability (A): None – no denial of service.

Threat Level: Low. Exploitation requires social engineering and user interaction. However, in a healthcare environment, session hijacking could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive patient data.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability exists in the debug output functionality of MIE Enterprise Health. When debug mode is enabled (or triggered via a specific parameter or error condition), the application outputs the current user's session token (e.g., a cookie or bearer token) in plaintext. This token is typically used for authentication and authorization.

Attack Flow:

1. Attacker crafts a social engineering lure (e.g., phishing email) asking the user to enable debug mode or visit a specific URL that triggers debug output.
2. User follows the instructions, causing the application to display debug information including the session token.
3. User copies the debug output and sends it to the attacker (e.g., via email, pastebin, or a malicious form).
4. Attacker extracts the session token and uses it to impersonate the user, gaining access to the user's account and associated data.

Root Cause: The application fails to sanitize debug output, exposing sensitive authentication tokens. This is a classic CWE-200 (Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor) issue.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

No specific code snippets are available. However, the vulnerable behavior can be described:

Vulnerable (pseudocode):

def debug_output():
    token = request.cookies.get('session_token')
    print(f"Debug: User session token = {token}")

Patched (pseudocode):

def debug_output():
    token = request.cookies.get('session_token')
    print("Debug: User session token = [REDACTED]")

The fix involves redacting or omitting the session token from debug output.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

Prerequisites:

• Access to a target running MIE Enterprise Health (unpatched version).
• Ability to send a phishing email or social engineering message to a user.

Steps:

1. Craft a phishing email that appears to be from IT support, asking the user to enable debug mode by visiting a specific URL (e.g., https://target-enterprise-health.com/debug?enable=true).
2. Instruct the user to copy the entire debug output and paste it into a response email or a fake support form.
3. Once received, extract the session token from the debug output (e.g., session_token=abc123).
4. Use the token to make authenticated requests to the application, impersonating the user.

Example token extraction:

# Assuming debug output is in a file debug_output.txt
grep -oP 'session_token=\K[^ ]+' debug_output.txt

Blue Team

Detection:

• Monitor for unusual debug output requests (e.g., /debug?enable=true).
• Alert on users sending large amounts of text to external email addresses or forms.
• Use DLP (Data Loss Prevention) to detect session tokens in outbound communications.

Prevention:

• Disable debug mode in production environments.
• Implement strict access controls for debug endpoints.
• Educate users about social engineering attacks targeting debug output.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network: HTTP requests to /debug or similar endpoints with parameters like enable=true.
• Logs: Application logs showing debug output containing session_token or similar strings.
• Email: Phishing emails with subject lines like "IT Support: Enable Debug Mode" or "Urgent: Debug Output Required".
• File: Debug output files (e.g., debug_output.txt) containing session tokens.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_35031_Session_Token_Exposure {
    meta:
        description = "Detects session token exposure in debug output for CVE-2025-35031"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-35031"
    strings:
        $token1 = /session_token=[a-zA-Z0-9]+/
        $token2 = /bearer_token=[a-zA-Z0-9]+/
        $debug = "Debug" nocase
    condition:
        any of ($token*) and $debug
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-35031 Session Token in Debug Output
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012
status: experimental
description: Detects HTTP requests to debug endpoints that may expose session tokens
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-04-10
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'GET'
        cs-uri-stem: '/debug'
        cs-uri-query: '*enable=true*'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate debugging by authorized personnel
level: low

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2025-35031 - Session Token Exposure via Debug Output"; flow:to_server; content:"/debug"; http_uri; content:"enable=true"; http_uri; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Apply the vendor patch (fixed as of 2025-04-08). Contact Medical Informatics Engineering for specific version details.
2. Disable debug mode in all production environments.
3. Review and restrict access to debug endpoints using network ACLs or WAF rules.

Long-term Measures:

• Implement secure coding practices to avoid exposing sensitive data in debug output.
• Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing.
• Deploy DLP solutions to detect and block outbound transmission of session tokens.

Workarounds (if patch cannot be applied):

• Use a reverse proxy to block requests to /debug endpoints.
• Implement custom middleware to redact session tokens from debug output.

Valters IT