CVE-2025-45346

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-45346 is a critical SQL Injection vulnerability discovered in Bacula-web, a web-based frontend for the Bacula backup system. The flaw exists in versions prior to 9.7.1 and allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary SQL commands by sending a crafted HTTP GET request. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized data access, modification, or deletion, and in some configurations, may enable remote code execution (RCE) on the underlying database server. This vulnerability poses a significant risk to organizations using Bacula-web for backup management, as it can be exploited without authentication and with low complexity.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It affects the Bacula-web PHP application, which is typically deployed as a standalone web application or within a LAMP/LEMP stack.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

While an official CVSS vector is not provided, based on the vulnerability characteristics, a reasonable assessment is:

• Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – Exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – No special conditions required.
• Privileges Required (PR): None (N) – No authentication needed.
• User Interaction (UI): None (N) – No user action required.
• Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – The vulnerable component is the database.
• Confidentiality (C): High (H) – Full database read access possible.
• Integrity (I): High (H) – Data can be modified or deleted.
• Availability (A): High (H) – Database can be disrupted or destroyed.

Estimated CVSS Score: 9.8 (Critical)

Threat Level: Critical. The combination of remote exploitability, no authentication, and potential for full database compromise makes this a high-priority vulnerability.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability is a classic SQL Injection flaw in the Bacula-web application. The application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input passed via HTTP GET parameters before constructing SQL queries. An attacker can inject malicious SQL code into these parameters, which is then executed by the database backend (typically MySQL or PostgreSQL).

Attack Flow:

1. The attacker identifies a vulnerable endpoint in Bacula-web that accepts GET parameters (e.g., id, name, search).
2. The attacker crafts a malicious HTTP GET request, embedding SQL commands within the parameter value. For example: http://target/bacula-web/index.php?id=1 UNION SELECT ...
3. The vulnerable application concatenates the attacker's input directly into an SQL query without proper sanitization or parameterization.
4. The database server executes the malicious query, allowing the attacker to:
   • Extract sensitive data (e.g., user credentials, backup configurations, database contents).
   • Modify or delete data.
   • In some cases, execute operating system commands via database functions (e.g., xp_cmdshell in SQL Server, COPY ... FROM PROGRAM in PostgreSQL).

Root Cause: The use of string concatenation or interpolation to build SQL queries with user input, instead of using prepared statements or parameterized queries.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Pre-9.7.1):

// Vulnerable: Direct concatenation of user input
$id = $_GET['id'];
$query = "SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE id = " . $id;
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);

Patched Code (9.7.1+):

// Patched: Using prepared statements
$id = $_GET['id'];
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE id = ?");
$stmt->bind_param("i", $id);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();

The patched version uses a prepared statement with a parameterized query. The ? placeholder is bound to the $id variable, ensuring that the input is treated as data, not executable code. This prevents SQL injection.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Lab Setup:

1. Deploy a vulnerable instance of Bacula-web (version < 9.7.1) on a local VM or container.
2. Ensure a database (MySQL/PostgreSQL) is configured and populated with sample data.
3. Use a tool like sqlmap or manual exploitation techniques.

Exploitation Steps:

1. Identify Vulnerable Parameter: Use a web proxy (e.g., Burp Suite) to intercept requests and identify GET parameters. Common parameters include id, job, client, pool.
2. Test for SQL Injection: Inject a single quote (') into a parameter and observe the response for errors.

   http://target/bacula-web/index.php?id=1'
   

3. Confirm Injection: Use a boolean-based or time-based payload.

   http://target/bacula-web/index.php?id=1 AND 1=1
   http://target/bacula-web/index.php?id=1 AND 1=2
   

4. Extract Data: Use UNION SELECT to extract data from the database.

   http://target/bacula-web/index.php?id=1 UNION SELECT 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