CVE-2025-69239

Executive Summary

CVE-2025-69239 is a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability discovered in Raytha CMS, specifically within the “Themes – Import from URL” feature. An authenticated attacker with high privileges (e.g., Administrator) can supply a malicious URL that causes the server to make an HTTP request to an arbitrary internal or external resource. This can lead to information disclosure, internal network scanning, or access to cloud metadata endpoints. The vulnerability is fixed in Raytha CMS version 1.4.6. No public exploit code or proof-of-concept is currently available, but the risk is elevated due to the high privileges required and the potential for lateral movement.

Supply Chain & Package Security

Raytha CMS is a .NET-based content management system. The vulnerability exists in the application layer, not in any third-party package. However, administrators should verify that no malicious themes have been imported from untrusted URLs prior to patching.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

• CVSS Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
• Base Score: 6.5 (Medium)
• Attack Vector: Network
• Attack Complexity: Low
• Privileges Required: High (Administrator)
• User Interaction: None
• Scope: Unchanged
• Confidentiality Impact: High
• Integrity Impact: None
• Availability Impact: None

Threat Level: Medium. While the CVSS score is moderate, the SSRF can be chained with other vulnerabilities (e.g., internal service exploitation) to increase impact.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability resides in the ThemesController or equivalent backend handler that processes theme imports from a URL. When an administrator provides a URL (e.g., http://attacker.com/malicious-theme.zip), the server fetches the resource using an HTTP client (likely HttpClient in .NET). The flaw is that the application does not validate the URL scheme, host, or redirect targets. An attacker can:

1. Supply a URL pointing to an internal service (e.g., http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ on AWS).
2. Use a redirect from an attacker-controlled server to force the server to make requests to internal IPs.
3. Exploit the SSRF to read sensitive files (e.g., file:///etc/passwd if the scheme is allowed) or perform port scanning.

The fix in version 1.4.6 likely implements a URL allowlist, blocks private IP ranges, and disables redirects or validates redirect targets.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (Conceptual):

public async Task<IActionResult> ImportTheme(string url)
{
    using var httpClient = new HttpClient();
    var response = await httpClient.GetAsync(url); // No validation
    // Process response...
}

Patched Code (Conceptual):

public async Task<IActionResult> ImportTheme(string url)
{
    if (!Uri.TryCreate(url, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri))
        return BadRequest("Invalid URL");

    // Block private IPs and loopback
    var host = uri.Host;
    if (IsPrivateIP(host) || host == "localhost")
        return BadRequest("URL not allowed");

    // Only allow HTTPS and specific domains
    if (uri.Scheme != "https" || !AllowedDomains.Contains(host))
        return BadRequest("URL not allowed");

    using var httpClient = new HttpClient();
    httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("User-Agent", "RaythaCMS");
    // Disable automatic redirects
    httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Accept", "application/zip");
    var response = await httpClient.GetAsync(uri);
    // Process response...
}

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

Prerequisites: Administrator access to Raytha CMS.

Steps:

1. Identify the import URL endpoint (e.g., /admin/themes/import).
2. Craft a request with a URL pointing to an internal resource:

   POST /admin/themes/import HTTP/1.1
   Host: target-raytha.com
   Cookie: admin_session=...
   Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
   
   url=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
   

3. Observe the response for leaked data (e.g., IAM role credentials).
4. For internal scanning, use a redirect server:
   • Set up a server that returns a 302 redirect to http://internal-service:8080/.
   • Supply the redirect URL to the import feature.
   • Monitor logs or error messages for responses.

No public exploit code is available.

Blue Team

Detection:

• Monitor HTTP requests from the Raytha server to unexpected IPs (especially private ranges).
• Alert on admin actions involving theme imports from external URLs.
• Review web server logs for POST requests to /admin/themes/import with suspicious url parameters.

Hunting:

• Search for outbound connections from the Raytha server to 169.254.169.254, 10.x.x.x, 172.16-31.x.x, or 192.168.x.x.
• Check for unusual HTTP redirect chains in server logs.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

• Network:
  • Outbound HTTP requests to private IP ranges (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16).
  • Requests to cloud metadata endpoints (e.g., 169.254.169.254).
  • Unusual User-Agent strings (e.g., missing or generic).
• File System:
  • Unexpected theme files in the Themes directory.
  • Log entries containing internal IP addresses or error messages from SSRF attempts.
• Logs:
  • Repeated POST requests to /admin/themes/import from the same admin user.
  • HTTP 302 redirects followed by requests to internal IPs.

Detection Engineering

YARA Rule

rule CVE_2025_69239_SSRF_Raytha {
    meta:
        description = "Detects SSRF exploitation attempts against Raytha CMS via theme import"
        author = "Valters IT"
        date = "2025-04-10"
        reference = "CVE-2025-69239"
    strings:
        $s1 = "/admin/themes/import" ascii nocase
        $s2 = "url=" ascii nocase
        $s3 = "169.254.169.254" ascii
        $s4 = "10." ascii
        $s5 = "192.168." ascii
        $s6 = "172." ascii
    condition:
        all of ($s1, $s2) and any of ($s3, $s4, $s5, $s6)
}

Sigma Rule

title: CVE-2025-69239 SSRF via Raytha CMS Theme Import
id: 7a8b9c0d-1e2f-3a4b-5c6d-7e8f9a0b1c2d
status: experimental
description: Detects SSRF attempts against Raytha CMS by monitoring admin theme import requests with internal IPs.
author: Valters IT
date: 2025/04/10
references:
    - https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69239
logsource:
    category: webserver
    product: iis
detection:
    selection:
        cs-method: 'POST'
        cs-uri-stem: '/admin/themes/import'
        cs-uri-query|contains: 'url='
    filter:
        cs-uri-query|contains:
            - '169.254.169.254'
            - '10.'
            - '192.168.'
            - '172.'
    condition: selection and filter
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate admin importing themes from internal servers (rare)
level: high

Suricata Rule

alert http $HOME_NET any -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (msg:"CVE-2025-69239 Raytha CMS SSRF Theme Import"; flow:to_server; content:"POST"; http_method; content:"/admin/themes/import"; http_uri; content:"url="; http_client_body; pcre:"/url=(http|https):\/\/(10\.|192\.168\.|172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[0-1])|169\.254\.)/"; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)

Remediation & Mitigation

Immediate:

1. Upgrade Raytha CMS to version 1.4.6 or later.
2. If upgrade is not possible, restrict admin access to trusted IPs only.
3. Disable the theme import feature via configuration or code modification.

Long-term:

• Implement strict URL validation (allowlist of trusted domains, block private IPs).
• Disable HTTP redirects in the import client.
• Use a dedicated HTTP client with restricted network access (e.g., via firewall rules).
• Conduct regular security audits of admin features.

Workaround:

• Block outbound HTTP requests from the Raytha server to private IP ranges at the network firewall.
• Monitor and alert on any admin activity involving theme imports.

Valters IT
Securing Digital Frontiers