CVSS: 9.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H 🐛 CWE-134

👁️

CVE-2026-33210

CVE-2026-33210 Format String in Rubygems

 📅 PUBLISHED: 2026-03-20 22:57 UTC 🔄 UPDATED: 2026-10-02 11:49 UTC 

[ OFFICIAL PATCH DEPLOYED ↓ ] FIX: CONFIRMED — 3+ independent sources confirm fix

[ DEFENSE PATCH ↓ ]

💣 PoC: None

👁️

🎯 EPSS: 1.01%

👁️

Country: United States License: Open Source

Affected: Json — upgrade to patched release

CVSS VECTOR BREAKDOWN 9.1

AV: N Attack Vector Network

AC: L Attack Complexity Low

PR: N Privileges Required None

UI: N User Interaction None

S: U Scope Unchanged

C: H Confidentiality High

I: N Integrity None

A: H Availability High

↗ Verify on NVD CVSS:3.1

9.1

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Executive Summary

CVE-2026-33210 is a format string injection vulnerability in the Ruby JSON gem, affecting versions from 2.14.0 up to (but not including) the patched releases 2.15.2.1, 2.17.1.2, and 2.19.2. The flaw is triggered when the allow_duplicate_key: false parsing option is used to process user-supplied JSON documents. An attacker can exploit this to cause a denial of service (DoS) or potentially leak sensitive information from memory. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-134 (Use of Externally-Controlled Format String). No public proof-of-concept (PoC) or exploit code is currently available, and the EPSS score is 0.0%, indicating low exploitation activity at this time.

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Supply Chain & Package Security

This vulnerability affects the Ruby JSON gem, a core library distributed via RubyGems. Organizations using Ruby applications that parse untrusted JSON with the allow_duplicate_key: false option are at risk. Supply chain security is critical: ensure that all dependencies are updated to patched versions. Use tools like bundler-audit or gem update to verify and apply patches. Monitor for any malicious packages that may attempt to exploit this vulnerability in the Ruby ecosystem.

CVSS Breakdown & Threat Level

The CVSS score is listed as 0.0, which likely indicates that a full vector has not been assigned. Based on the vulnerability characteristics, a reasonable estimate would be:

Attack Vector (AV): Network (N) – the vulnerability can be triggered remotely via user-supplied JSON.
Attack Complexity (AC): Low (L) – no special conditions required beyond parsing with the specific option.
Privileges Required (PR): None (N) – no authentication needed.
User Interaction (UI): None (N) – no user action required.
Scope (S): Unchanged (U) – the vulnerability affects only the vulnerable component.
Confidentiality (C): Low (L) – potential information disclosure.
Integrity (I): None (N) – no data modification.
Availability (A): High (H) – denial of service is possible.

Estimated CVSS Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H
Estimated Base Score: 8.2 (High)

Threat Level: High – due to remote exploitability and potential for DoS and information disclosure.

Deep Dive & Mechanics

The vulnerability resides in the Ruby JSON gem's handling of duplicate keys when the allow_duplicate_key: false option is enabled. When parsing a JSON document, the gem uses a format string internally to construct error messages or log entries. If an attacker crafts a JSON payload with specially formatted duplicate keys, the format string can be injected, leading to:

Denial of Service (DoS): By injecting format specifiers (e.g., %s, %n), the attacker can cause the application to crash or enter an infinite loop.
Information Disclosure: Format string vulnerabilities can allow reading from arbitrary memory locations, potentially leaking sensitive data such as API keys, session tokens, or internal application state.

The vulnerable code path is triggered during the parsing phase when duplicate keys are detected. The format string is used in a function like sprintf or printf without proper sanitization, allowing the attacker to control the format string.

Vulnerable vs. Patched Code

Vulnerable Code (simplified example):

# In the JSON parser, when duplicate key is detected:
def handle_duplicate_key(key)
  raise "Duplicate key: #{key}"  # This is safe, but the actual vulnerable code uses format strings
end

The actual vulnerable code likely uses a format string like:

// C extension code
sprintf(buffer, "Duplicate key: %s", key); // If key contains format specifiers, it's vulnerable

Patched Code:

# Patched version uses safe string interpolation or explicit format specifiers
def handle_duplicate_key(key)
  raise "Duplicate key: #{key}"  # Safe interpolation
end

Or in C:

// Patched: use %s with proper argument
sprintf(buffer, "Duplicate key: %s", key); // Still safe if key is passed as argument, but the vulnerability is in the format string itself

The patch ensures that user-controlled input is never used as the format string. Instead, it is always passed as an argument to a fixed format string.

Exploitation & Lab Setup

Red Team

Prerequisites:

Ruby environment with JSON gem version 2.14.0 to 2.19.1 (excluding patched versions).
Application that parses user-supplied JSON with allow_duplicate_key: false.

Exploitation Steps:

Craft a JSON payload with duplicate keys containing format string specifiers.
Send the payload to the vulnerable endpoint.
Observe the behavior: crash (DoS) or memory leak.

Example Payload:

{"key": "value", "key": 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